Chapter 8 - Photosynthesis: Using Sunlight To Build Carbohydrates

Question 1

Gain of electron by a molecule in a reaction; in the second step of the Calvin cycle, energy and electrons are transferred to the molecules formed from carboxylation

Answer 1

Reduction reaction

Question 2

A reaction in which a molecule loses electrons and releases energy

Answer 2

Oxidation reaction

Question 3

A molecule that loses electrons

Answer 3

Electron donor

Question 4

A series of redox reactions in which R electrons are passed from one compound to another

Answer 4

Photosynthetic electron transport chain

Question 5

A protein-pigment complex that absorbs light energy to drive redox reactions and thereby sets the photosynthetic electron transport chain in motion

Answer 5

Photosystem

Question 6

The process in which carbon dioxide is reduced to synthesize carbohydrates, with ATP and NADPH as the energy sources

Answer 6

Calvin cycle

Question 7

The surface layer of the ocean through which enough sunlight penetrate ma to enable photosynthesis

Answer 7

Photic zone

Question 8

The transfer of genetic material between organisms that are not parent and offspring

Answer 8

Horizontal gene transfer

Question 9

A highly folded membrane in the center of the chloroplast that contains light-collecting pigments and that is the site of the photosynthetic electron transport chain

Answer 9

Thylakoid membrane

Question 10

Interlinked structured that form the thylakoid membrane

Answer 10

Grana

Question 11

In eukaryotes, the continuous interior of the enroll admit reticulum; in plants, a fluid-filled compartment enclosed by the thylakoid membrane; generally, the interior of any tubelike structure

Answer 11

Lumen

Question 12

The region surrounding the thylakoid, where carbohydrate synthesis takes place

Answer 12

Stroma

Question 13

The first step of the Calvin cycle, in which carbon dioxide absorbed from the air is added to a 5-carbon molecule

Answer 13

Carboxylation

Question 14

Gain of electrons by a molecule in a reaction. In the s find step of the Calvin cycle, energy and electrons are transferred to the molecules formed from carboxylation

Answer 14

Reduction

Question 15

The bird step of the Calvin cycle, in which the 5-carbon molecule needed for carboxylation is produced

Answer 15

Regeneration

Question 16

The 5-carbon sugar to which carbon dioxide is added in carboxylation

Answer 16

Ribulose-1, 5 bisphosphate (RuBP)

Question 17

The enzyme that catalyzes a carboxylation reaction

Answer 17

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco)

Question 18

A 3-carbon molecule; two molecules of 3-PGA are the first stable products of the Calvin cycle

Answer 18

3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA)

Question 19

An important cofactor in biosynthetic reactions; the reducing agent used in the Calvin cycle

Answer 19

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)

Question 20

A 3-carbon carbohydrate molecule; triose phosphates are the true products of the Calvin cycle because they are the molecules exported from the chloroplast

Answer 20

Triose phosphates

Question 21

The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum apparent to our eyes

Answer 21

Visible light

Question 22

The major photosynthetic pigment contained in the thylakoid membrane; it plays a key roles in the chloroplast’s ability to capture energy from sunlight. Appears green because it is poor at absorbing green wavelengths

Answer 22

Chlorophyll

Question 23

A pigment other than chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane; carotenoids are important accessory pigments

Answer 23

Accessory pigments

Question 24

Two specifically configured chlorophyll molecules where light energy is converted into electron transport

Answer 24

Reaction center

Question 25

Another name for the photosynthetic electron transport chain, so called because the overall energy trajectory resembles a “Z”

Answer 25

Z scheme

Question 26

The Photosystem that supplies electrons to the beginning of the electron transport chain. When Photosystem II loses an electron it can pull electrons from water

Answer 26

Photosystem II

Question 27

The Photosystem that energizes electrons with a second input of light energy so they have enough energy to reduce NADP+

Answer 27

Photosystem I

Question 28

Part of the photosynthetic electron transport chain, through which electrons pass between Photosystem II and Photosystem I

Answer 28

Cytochrome b6f complex

Question 29

An alternative pathway for electrons during the Calvin cycle that increases the production of ATP

Answer 29

Cyclic electron transport

Question 30

Highly reactive forms of oxygen produced when NADP+ is in short supply

Answer 30

Reactive oxygen species

Question 31

Any one of several yellow-orange pigments that slow the formation of reactive oxygen specified by reducing excess light energy; these pigments accept absorbed light energy directly from chlorophyll and convert this energy to heat

Answer 31

Xanthophylls

Question 32

The process in which ATP is used to drive the reactions that convert a portion of the carbon atoms in 2-phosphoglycolate into 3-phosphoglyceric acid, which can reenter the Calvin cycle

Answer 32

Photorespiration

Question 33

The biochemical process in which carbohydrates are built from carbon dioxide and the energy of sunlight; oxygen is released as a waste product

Answer 33

Photosynthesis