Chapter 7 - Cellular Resporation: Harvesting Energy From Organic Molecules

Question 1

The universal currency for all cells

Answer 1

ATP

Question 2

The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate; the first stage of cellular respiration

Answer 2

Glycolysis

Question 3

The third stage of cellular respiration, in which acetyl-CoA is broken down and more carbon dioxide is released

Answer 3

Citrix acid cycle

Question 4

A molecule that stores and transfers energy in the form of “high-energy” or “excited” electrons

Answer 4

Electron carrier

Question 5

The fourth stage of cellular respiration, in which electron carriers generated in stages 1-3 donate their high-energy electrons to an electron transport chain

Answer 5

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 6

The system that transfers electrons along a series of membrane-associated proteins to a final electron acceptor, releasing the energy of the electrons to produce ATP

Answer 6

Electron transport chain

Question 7

A reaction involving the loss and gain of electrons between reactants

Answer 7

Oxidation-reduction reaction “redox reaction”

Question 8

A molecule that gains electrons

Answer 8

Electron acceptor

Question 9

An electron acceptor

Answer 9

Oxidizing agent

Question 10

A molecule that loses electrons

Answer 10

Electron donor

Question 11

An electron donor

Answer 11

Reducing agent

Question 12

A way of generating ATP in which a phosphate group is transferred to ADP from an organic molecule, which acts as a phosphate donor or substrate

Answer 12

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 13

The space between the inner and outer mitochondria membranes

Answer 13

Intermembrane space

Question 14

The final electron acceptor from both complexes I and II in the electron transport chain

Answer 14

Coenzyme Q

Question 15

An enzyme that couples the movement of protons through the enzyme with the synthesis of ATP

Answer 15

ATP synthase

Question 16

A process of breaking down pyruvate through a wide variety of metabolic pathways that extract energy from fuel molecules such as glucose; the partial oxidation of complex carbon molecules to molecules that are less oxidized than carbon dioxide

Answer 16

Fermentation

Question 17

The fermentation pathway in animals and bacteria during which electrons from NADH are transferred to pyruvate to produce lactic acid and NAD+

Answer 17

Lactic acid fermentation

Question 18

The fermentation pathway in plants and fungi during which pyruvate releases carbon dioxide to form acetaldehyde and electrons from NADH are transferred to acetaldehyde to produce ethanol and NAD+

Answer 18

Ethanol fermentation

Question 19

The form in which glucose is stored in animals

Answer 19

Glycogen

Question 20

The form in which glucose is stored in plants

Answer 20

Starch

Question 21

The process of shortening fatty acids by a series of reactions that sequentially remove two carbon units from their ends

Answer 21

Beta oxidation

Question 22

A series of chemical reactions that convert the energy stored in nutrients into a chemical form that can be readily used by cells

Answer 22

Cellular respiration