Chapter 7 - Cellular Resporation: Harvesting Energy From Organic Molecules Flashcards
The universal currency for all cells
ATP
The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate; the first stage of cellular respiration
Glycolysis
The third stage of cellular respiration, in which acetyl-CoA is broken down and more carbon dioxide is released
Citrix acid cycle
A molecule that stores and transfers energy in the form of “high-energy” or “excited” electrons
Electron carrier
The fourth stage of cellular respiration, in which electron carriers generated in stages 1-3 donate their high-energy electrons to an electron transport chain
Oxidative phosphorylation
The system that transfers electrons along a series of membrane-associated proteins to a final electron acceptor, releasing the energy of the electrons to produce ATP
Electron transport chain
A reaction involving the loss and gain of electrons between reactants
Oxidation-reduction reaction “redox reaction”
A molecule that gains electrons
Electron acceptor
An electron acceptor
Oxidizing agent
A molecule that loses electrons
Electron donor
An electron donor
Reducing agent
A way of generating ATP in which a phosphate group is transferred to ADP from an organic molecule, which acts as a phosphate donor or substrate
Substrate-level phosphorylation
The space between the inner and outer mitochondria membranes
Intermembrane space
The final electron acceptor from both complexes I and II in the electron transport chain
Coenzyme Q
An enzyme that couples the movement of protons through the enzyme with the synthesis of ATP
ATP synthase
A process of breaking down pyruvate through a wide variety of metabolic pathways that extract energy from fuel molecules such as glucose; the partial oxidation of complex carbon molecules to molecules that are less oxidized than carbon dioxide
Fermentation
The fermentation pathway in animals and bacteria during which electrons from NADH are transferred to pyruvate to produce lactic acid and NAD+
Lactic acid fermentation
The fermentation pathway in plants and fungi during which pyruvate releases carbon dioxide to form acetaldehyde and electrons from NADH are transferred to acetaldehyde to produce ethanol and NAD+
Ethanol fermentation
The form in which glucose is stored in animals
Glycogen
The form in which glucose is stored in plants
Starch
The process of shortening fatty acids by a series of reactions that sequentially remove two carbon units from their ends
Beta oxidation
A series of chemical reactions that convert the energy stored in nutrients into a chemical form that can be readily used by cells
Cellular respiration
