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Biology 1115 > Chapter 8 Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the name of an organism that produce their own food?

A

Autotrophs.

Plants, protists, algae and cyanobacteria are Phototrophs.

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2
Q

What is the overall chemical reaction of photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + H2O –> C6H12O6 + O2

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3
Q

What do phototrophs use to produce carbohydrates?

A

They use the energy of sunlight and carbon dioxide.

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4
Q

Is photosynthesis endergonic or exergonic reaction?

A

Endergonic reaction.

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5
Q

Is photosynthesis a catabolic or anabolic reaction?

A

Anabolic reaction.

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6
Q

What molecule is reduced in photosynthesis?

A

CO2 is reduced to carbohydrate molecules.

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7
Q

What is the molecule being oxidized in photosynthesis?

A

H2O is the electron donor. The oxidation of water results in the production of electrons, protons, and O2.

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8
Q

Where does photosynthesis tale place in plants?

A

Mostly in leaves of plants because it contains chloroplasts.

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9
Q

Which plant cells can perform photosynthesis?

A

Mesophyll palisade cells and mesophyll spongy cells can perform photosynthesis.

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10
Q

What is the function of guard cells?

A

To allow for the diffusion of gases.

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11
Q

Chloroplasts are enclosed by what kind of membrane?

A

Double membrane.

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12
Q

What is the highly folded membrane inside the chloroplast called?

A

Thylakoid membrane.

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13
Q

What are the 2 stages of photosynthesis?

A
  1. The Light Harvesting Reactions.

2. The Calvin Cycle.

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14
Q

Where do the light reactions occur?

A

In the thylakoids.

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15
Q

Where does the calvin cycle occur?

A

In the stroma.

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16
Q

Give a general overview of what happens in the light harvesting reactions.

A

Light is absorbed by protein-pigment complexes known as photosystems to drive the transfer of electrons from water to NADP+ reducing it to NADH.

ATP is regenerated by using ETC.

02 is a biproduct.

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17
Q

What method is used to produce ATP in light harvesting reactions?

A

Photophosphorylation.

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18
Q

Give a general overview of what happens in the calvin cycle.

A

The calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH produced from the light reactions to convert CO2 into sugars.

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19
Q

What are the sugars made from photosynthesis used for?

A

Mostly used for fuel for cellular respiration in plant cells. Also to make cellulose and starch.

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20
Q

What happens to excess carbohydrates?

A

Excess carbohydrates are converted to starch and stored in the chloroplast.

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21
Q

How do plants make energy when they dont have sunlight?

A

Plants breakdown starch in chloroplast to make ATP.

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22
Q

What is the definition of wavelength?

A

The distance between crests of waves.

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23
Q

What are pigments?

A

Pigments are molecules that absorb wavelengths of visible light.

24
Q

Why are pigments coloured?

A

Pigments are coloured because they reflect light wavelengths that they do not absorb.

25
Q

Why do leaves appear green?

A

They appear green because they do not absorb green light. Therefore, they reflect green lights.

26
Q

What is the reaction center?

A

The absorbed light energy is passed from chlorophyll to chlorophyll molecules until it reaches the reaction center.
The reaction center have a distinct configuration and are able to transfer the high energy electrons to an electron acceptor.
When the transfer takes place, the reaction center becomes oxidized and the electron acceptor is reduced.

27
Q

What does the photosystem II do?

A

Supplies electrons to the beginning of the ETC. When photosystem II loses an electron, it is able to pull another electron from water.

28
Q

What does photosystem I do?

A

Energizes the electrons with a second input of light energy, so they have enough energy to reduce NADP+

29
Q

What connects the two photosystems together?

Why are two systems necessary?

A

The photosynthetic electron transport chain. Two systems are necessary to provide enough energy to pull electrons from water and use them to reduce NADP+

30
Q

What is the Z scheme?

A

As an electron is transferred from water in photosystem II, its energy level is initially high, but as the electron travels through the ETC, its energy level decreases.
It takes a second input of light energy in photosystem I to raise the electron energy level high enough so that it can be used to reduce NADP+.

31
Q

What is the Cyclic Electron Transport?

A

Due to the variation in light intensity thoughout the day, the photosystems may need to work in a cyclic manner.
When there is no NADP+ available, the electrons from photosystems I are redirected back into the ETC.
Cycling electrons back to the ETC can produce more ATP.

32
Q

What are the key ingredients to produce sugars in the Calvin Cycle?

A

CO2, ATP and NADPH are key to produce sugars.

33
Q

What is the sugar called that is produced in the Calvin Cycle?

A

TRIOSE PHOSPHSTE (G3P).

34
Q

What is G3P used for?

A

Plants cells may use G3P to make glucose and other carbohydrates.

35
Q

What are the 3 main steps of the Calvin Cycle?

A
  1. Carboxylation.
  2. Reduction.
  3. Regeneration.
36
Q

What happens in Carboxylation?

A

CO2 is added to a 5-carbon molecule, ribulose-1,5- biphosphate. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme RUBISCO. The 6 carbon molecule formed in broken down into two 3 carbon molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA).

37
Q

What happens in Reduction in the calvin cycle?

A

The 3-PGA is then reduced and NADPH is the reducing agent. First ATP is used to phosphorylate 3-PGA, and then NADH transfers electrons resulting in the formation of Triose Phosphates (G3P).

38
Q

What happens in Regeneration in the calvin cycle?

A

The ribulose-1,5- biphosphate needed for carboxylation is regenerated which involves 12 steps. ATP is also required for this step.

39
Q

What light wavelength can plants absorb?

A

400-700nm light wavelengths.

40
Q

What happens to plants of the climate is too dry?

A

The loss of water through stomata may be too great for the plant, and the stromata will close.
As a result, CO2 is no longer be available for photosynthesis and causes O2 to build up.
The ratio of O2 to CO2 increases, and favors a process called photorespiration.

41
Q

What is photorespiration?

A

When the ratio of O2 to CO2 increases, a wasteful process called photorespiration occurs within the plant.

42
Q

What happens in photorespiration?

A

Rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP resulting in one molecule of 3-PGA and one molecule of 2-phosphoglycerate which cannot be used in the calvin cycle.
Further, ATP needs to be used to transform this 2 carbon molecule to 3-PGA.

43
Q

What is PEP carboxylase?

A

C4 and CAM plants use PEP carboxylase which has a higher affinity for CO2 than O2 to initially fix CO2 into organic acids.

44
Q

When do CAM plants take in CO2?

A

CAM plants take in CO2 at noght to avoid water loss during the day.

45
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of C4 photosynthesis?

A

Advantages: water loss in minimized in warm climates.

Disadvantages: requires more energy.

46
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of CAM photosynthesis?

A

Advantages: water loss in minimized in hot climates.

Disadvantages: requires more energy.
Slow growth.

47
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of C3 photosynthesis?

A

Advantages: energy efficiency.

Disadvantages: water loss to evaporation in hot climates.

48
Q

What molecule is CO2 added to in carboxylation?

A

Ribulose-1,5- biphosphate.

49
Q

What is the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction in carboxylation?

A

Rubisco.

50
Q

Where do electrons come from in chloroplast?

A

H2O.

51
Q

Where do electrons get their potential energy in chloroplast?

A

From absorbing light energy.

52
Q

What picks up electrons at the end of the chain in chloroplast?

A

NADP+

53
Q

How is energy given up by the electrons used in chloroplast?

A

Energy released by redox reactions in ETC is used to transport H+ across a membrane. The flow of H+ down ots electrochemical concentration gradient back through ATP Synthase drives the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.

54
Q

What is the function of xylem tissue?

A

Transport water from the roots to the leaves.

55
Q

What is the function of phloem tissue?

A

Transport food to the rest of the plant.

56
Q

Where is the photosynthetic electron transport chain located?

A

In the thylakoid membrane.

57
Q

What does CAM stand for?

A

Crassulacean acid metabolism.

Biology 1115 (9 decks)

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