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Biology 1115 > Chapter 5 Cell Structure, Form And Function > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Cell Structure, Form And Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the comon features found in all cells?

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Chromosomes
  4. Ribosomes
  5. Cytoskeleton
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2
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high to low concentration. Eventually, the particles all reach equilibrium where the concentration of substances are the same.

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3
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Water passes through a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute to high solute concentration area.

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4
Q

What kind of molecules can move by simple diffusion?

A

Small, hydrophobic molecules.

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5
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Transport proteins speed passive movement of hydrophilic molecules across a plasma membrane.

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6
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of molecules that moce against their concentration gradient. This movement requires ATP.

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7
Q

Define hypotonic solution.

A

Low solute concentration.

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8
Q

Define hypertonic solution.

A

High solute concentration.

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9
Q

Define isotonic solution.

A

Same solute concentration in and outside the cell.

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10
Q

Describe the movement of water in a cell

A

Water moves from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration (always hypotonic to hypertonic.)

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11
Q

What is turgur pressure?

A

The force exerted by water pressing against an object. Keeps plant cells rigid.

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12
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Store the cells Genetic information and the site of RNA synthesis.

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13
Q

What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Associated with ribosomes which are the site of protein synthesis.

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14
Q

What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Lacks ribosomes and is the site of lipid synthesis.

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15
Q

What is the function of Golgi apparatus?

A
  1. Chemically modify proteins and lipids.
  2. Sort proteins and lipids.
  3. Synthesize carbohydrates and attach them to proteins and lipids.
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16
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Produce most of the ATP in the cell.

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17
Q

What is the fuctiom of the plasma membrane?

A

Regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell.

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18
Q

Why is the cell membrane selectively permeable?

A

To control the flow of molecules, nutrients, and waste in and out of the cell.

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19
Q

What is cytoskeleton and what is the function of cytoskeleton?

A

The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments and other associated proteins that provide the cell with an internal structural framework.

20
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Enable plant cell to harness energy of sunlight to synthesize sugars.

21
Q

What are vacuoles and what is the function?

A

Vacuoles are water filled organelles that contribute to the structural rigidity of plants by maintaining turgir pressure against cell walls.

22
Q

What is the cell wall and function?

A

Cell wall is a rigid barrier composed of cellulose and it provides rigidity to plant cells.

23
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Specialized vesicles derived from golgi apparatus that contain hydrolotic enzymes that digest waste within animal cells.

24
Q

DNA can be found in what organelles in plant cells?

A

Nucleus, mitochondia, chloroplasts.

25
Q

Describe the endomembrane system.

A

Many organelles communicate with other organelles through physical contact or by the transfer of vesicles in order to synthesize and modify proteins and lipids to be shipped out of the cell.

26
Q

What is the function of organelles?

A

To physically separate different types of cell activities in the cytoplasm allowing for greater efficiency for cell activities by clustering enzymes that work together within an enclosed space.

27
Q

What does the golgi apparatus use to transport proteins?

A

Vesicles.

28
Q

What is glycosylation?

A

Type of modification that occurs in the GA. Sugars are covalently linked to lipids or to proteins as they move through the GA.

29
Q

How do macromolecules cross the cell membrane?

A

Via exocytosis and endocytosis.

30
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Transport vesicles migrate to the membrane and release their content to the outside of the cell.

31
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

The cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane.

32
Q

What are not part of the endomembrane system?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts.

33
Q

What are the 3 types if cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules, microfilents and intermediate filaments.

34
Q

What are the functions of microtubules?

A
  1. Support the cell shape and give rigidity.
  2. Separate replicated chromosome during cell division.
  3. Act as track for movement of vesicles.
  4. Found in cilia and flagella.
35
Q

Whya are the function of microfilaments?

A
  1. Form an extensive network inside the plasma membrane to enforce the cell membrane and organize the membrane proteins.
  2. Function as tracks for transport within the cell but involves the motor protein mysosin.
36
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

A

Combine to form strong structures in the cell, providing mechanical strength.

37
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A

Eukaryotes have membrane bounded organells and are much larger.

38
Q

What properties would impose upper limits on cell size?

A

In order for a cell to obtain everything it needs, it must have a high surface area to volume ratio sonit can efficiently take in nutrients and water for survival and also expel waste. If te cell is too large tham the SA to colume ratio would be too low and the cell would be unable to efficiently exchange these materials with its environment.

39
Q

What are cellular membranes composed of?

A

Fluid mosaics; Phopholipids and proteins.

40
Q

What molecule do animal cells have?

A

Cholesterol.

41
Q

Why are phospholipids called amphiprotic?

A

Have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties.

42
Q

What is the hydrophobic region of the phospholipid?

A

The fatty acid tail.

43
Q

What is the hydrophilic region of the phospholipid?

A

A polar group, a phoshate group and glycerol.

44
Q

What is the force between the fatty acid tails of phospholipids?

A

Van der waals forces.

45
Q

How can cholesterol increase or decrease membrane fluidity?

A

Cholesterol is known as membrane buffer. In cold temperatures cholesterol prevents phopholipids from
Packing tightly and increases membrane fluidity. At normal temperatures cholesterol restrains movement of phopholipids and reduces membrane fluidity.

46
Q

What are 2 types of tranporter proteins?

A

Channels and carriers.

47
Q

What kind of molecules do transport proteins move acroos the membrane?

A

Ions and polar molecules.

Biology 1115 (9 decks)

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