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Biology > Chapter 8-Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 8-Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Anoxygenic photosynthesis

A

Does NOT produce oxygen

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2
Q

Oxygenic Photosynthesis

A

Produces oxygen

  • Carried out by
    1) Cyanobacteria
    2) 7 groups of algae
    3) All land plants
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3
Q

Photosynthesis 3 Stages

A

1) Capturing energy from sunlight
2) Using energy to make ATP and to reduce the compound NADP to NADPH
3) Using the ATP and NADPH to power the synthesis of organic molecule from CO2 in the air

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4
Q

Carbon fixation

A
  • Organic molecule from CO2 in the air

- These reactions may occur in the present or absence of light

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5
Q

Thylakoid membrane

A

The internal membrane of chloroplast

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6
Q

Grana

A

Flattened sacs, stacked on one another

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7
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Photosynthetic pigments for capturing light energy along with the machinery to make ATP

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8
Q

Stroma lamella

A

Connections between Grana

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9
Q

Storma

A

Semiliquid substance surrounding the thylakoids membrane

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10
Q

Photosystems

A

Clustered photosynthetic pigments, which show distinct organization w/in the thylakoids

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11
Q

What does a pigment molecule do?

A
  • Captures light and passes it’s energy from one’ll exile to another until it reaches chlorophyll
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12
Q

Baptista

A

Demonstrated that the substances of the plant was not produced ONLY from the soil

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13
Q

Priestly

A

Living vegetation adds something to the air

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14
Q

Ingen- Housz

A

Plants carry out a process that uses sunlight to split CO2 into C and O2

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15
Q

F.F Blackman

A

1) Photosynthesis is in fact multistage process
2) Light versus dark reactions
3) Enzymes involved

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16
Q

C.B van Neil

A
  • Purple sulfur bacteria do not release O2 but accumulate sulfur
  • Proposed general formula for photosynthesis
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17
Q

Robin Hill

A
  • Light energy could be harvested and used in a reduction reaction
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18
Q

Pigment

A

Molecules that absorb light energy in the visible range

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19
Q

Photon

A
  • Particle of light

- Acts as a discrete bundle of energy

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20
Q

Photon energy is INVERSELY proportional to what?

A

Wavelength of light

  • Short wavelength= ⬆️ energy photons
  • Long wavelength= ⬇️ energy photons
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21
Q

Photoelectric effect

A

Removal of an electron from a molecule of light

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22
Q

Absorption Spectrum

A

The range and efficiency of photons it is capable of absorbing

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23
Q

When a photon strikes a molecule, it’s energy is either?

A

1) Lost as heat

2) Absorbed by the electrons

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24
Q

2 General Pigments in Photosynthesis:

A

1) Chlorophyll

2) Carotenoids

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25
Q

Chlorophyll a

A
  • Main photosynthetic pigment
  • ONLY pigment that can directly concerned light energy to CHEMICAL ENERGY
  • Absorbs: violet- blue and red light
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26
Q

Chlorophyll b

A
  • Accessory pigments or secondary pigment

- Absorbs photons chlorophyll a can not

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27
Q

Accessory Pigment

A

Complements and adds to the light absorption of chlorophyll a

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28
Q

What kind of ring does a pigment contain?

A

Porphyrin Ring

29
Q

Prophyrin Ring

A
  • Complex ring structure with alternating double and single bonds
  • Mg center atom
30
Q

Action Spectrum

A
  • Relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of light in promoting photosynthesis
  • Corresponds to the absorption spectrum for chlorophylls
31
Q

Chlorophyll has way better _________ that other pigments

A

Photoefficiency

32
Q

Carotenoids

A
  • Consist of carbon rings linked to chains with alternating single and double bonds
  • Can absorb photons with a wide range of energies
  • Act as general-purpose antioxidants to lessen damage
33
Q

Phycobiloprotiens

A
  • Helps plants in low- light ocean areas
34
Q

What do experiment on plants show?

A

The output of photosynthesis increases liberally at low light intensities, but becomes Saturated at high intensities

35
Q

Photosystems

A

Network of chlorophyll a molecules, accessory pigments, and associated proteins held w/in a protein matrix on the surface of the photosynthetic membrane

36
Q

Photosystems 2 Components:

A

1) Atenna Complex

2) The Reaction Center

37
Q

Antenna Complex

A
  • Light- harvesting center
  • Captures photons from sunlight and channel then to the reaction center chlorophylls
  • Consists of a web of chlorophyll molecules linked together and held tightly in the thylakoids membranes by a matrix of proteins
38
Q

The Reaction Center

A
  • Transmembrane protein-pigment complex
  • 1 or more chlorophyll a molecules
  • When a chlorophyll in the reaction center absorbs a photon of light an electron is excited to a higher energy lever
  • Passes excited electrons to an electron acceptor, reducing it
39
Q

Light Dependent Reaction’s 4 Stages:

A

1) Primary photoevent
2) Charge separation
3) Electron transport
4) Chemiosmosis

40
Q

1) Primary Photoevent

A
  • Photon of light is captured by a pigment
41
Q

2) Charge Seperation

A
  • Energy is transferred to the reaction center

- An excited electron is transferred to an acceptor molecule

42
Q

3) Electron Transport

A
  • Excited electrons are shuttled along a serious if electron carrier to reduce NADP
  • Create a protein gradient
43
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

ATP synthase produces ATP

44
Q

Cyclic Phosphorylation

A
  • Generates ATP via electron transport
  • Anoxygenic photosynthesis
  • Generated a proton gradient for ATP Synthesis
45
Q

Enhancement Effect

A

One Photosystem absorbs preferentially in the red, the other in the far-red

46
Q

Noncyclic Photophosphorylation

A

-The path of the electron is NOT a circle

47
Q

Photosystem 2

A
  • Resembles the reaction center of purple bacteria
  • Consists of 10 transmembrane protein subunits
  • P680 chlorophyll
  • 4 Mg atoms
  • This process requires the reaction to absorb 4 photons to complete the oxidation of 2 H2O molecules➡️ creating 1 O2
48
Q

Primary electron acceptor

A

Plastiquinone

49
Q

b6- f complex

A

Proton pump embedded w/in the thylakoids membrane accepts electron pair (inbetween P2 and P1)

50
Q

Plastocyanin

A

Carriers the electron pair to Photosystem 1

51
Q

Photosystem 1

A
  • Consist of a core transmembrane complex consisting of 12-14 protein subunits
  • P700
  • Photons boost the electrons to a very high energy level
  • Electrons passed to➡️ Ferredoxin
  • 2 molecules of reduced Ferredoxin are then used to form NADPH
52
Q

ATP Synthase

A
  • The chloroplast has ATP synthase enzymes in the thylakoids membrane that form a channel, allowing protons to cross back out into the stroma
53
Q

Where is Photosystem 2 found?

A

GRANA

54
Q

Where is Photosystem 1 found?

A

Stroma Lamella

55
Q

To build carbohydrates:

A

1) Energy➡️ ATP drives the endergonic reactions
2) Reduction Potential➡️ NADH provides a source of protons and the energetic electrons needed to bind then to carbon atoms

56
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

The cycle of reactions that allow carbon fixation

- Another name➡️ C3 Photosynthesis

57
Q

Calvin Cycle 3 Phases

A

1) Carbon fixation
2) Reduction
3) Regeneration of RuBP

58
Q

1) Carbon Fixation

A

RuBP + CO2 ➡️ PGA

59
Q

2) Reduction

A

PGA is reduced to G3P

60
Q

3) Regeneration of RuBP

A
  • PGA is used to regenerate RuBP
  • 3 turns incorporate enough to price a new G3P
  • 6 turns incorporate enough carbon for 1 glucose
61
Q

How many carbons undergo a cycle?

A

36 carbons create 2 molecules of G3P

62
Q

Photorespiration

A

O2 is incorporated into RuBP which undergoes additional reactions that actually release CO2

63
Q

The stroma does what when there are high temperatures?

A

The stroma closes to conserve water

  • CO2 doesn’t come in and O2 doesn’t go out
  • When Photorespiration takes place
64
Q

C3 plants

A

Fix carbon only using C3 photosynthesis

64
Q

C4 plants

A

Oxaloacetate➡️ Malate which moves into bundle sheath cells➡️ Decarboxyilized back into puyruvate➡️ Puruvate goes back into mesophyll cell
- Spacial Resolution

65
Q

CAM Plants

A
  • Stomata open during the night and close during the day

- Fix CO2 using PEP carboxylate during the night and store in a value

66
Q

Give an example of a C4 plant?

A

Corn, grasses, sugarcane

67
Q

Give examples of CAM plants?

A
  • Water-storing plants➡️ Cacti and pineapples

Biology (2 decks)

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