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Vaccines > Chapter 8 Passive Immunization > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Passive Immunization Flashcards

1
Q

Define passive immunization.

A

Transfer of antibodies to an unprotected individual for the prevention or treatment of disease.

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2
Q

Who first demonstrated the principle of passive immunization? Against which disease?

A

Emil von Behring, immunological treatment of diphtheria.

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3
Q

Name five (5) deadly diseases for which passive immunization was the only treatment before antibiotics were developed.

A
  1. Diphtheria.
  2. Scarlet fever.
  3. Bacterial meningitis.
  4. Bacterial pneumonia.
  5. Tularemia.
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4
Q

Describe the main form of passive immunization in humans.

A

Transfer of IgG antibodies from the blood of the immune mother to the foetus, through the placenta.

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5
Q

Name two (2) diseases whose clinical presentation is delayed in infants by passive immunization from the mother.

A
  1. Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), which results in lack of functional T and B lymphocytes.
  2. Agammaglobulinemia, which results in lack of functional B cells.
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6
Q

How long does passive immunization from mother to newborn typically lasts?

A

Approximately 6 months.

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7
Q

With what class of vaccines do maternal antibodies interfere with? Name the two (2) main affected vaccines.

A

Live attenuated vaccines.

  1. MMR (measles-mumps-rubella).
  2. Rotavirus.
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8
Q

Name two (2) diseases against which active immunization of the mother is recommended in order to protect the future newborn by passive immunization.

A
  1. Influenza.
  2. Pertussis.
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9
Q

Name the four (4) categories of passive immunization products currently in use.

A
  1. Standard human immunoglobulins.
  2. Human hyperimmunoglobulins.
  3. Animal-derived immunoglobulin products.
  4. Monoclonal antibodies.
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10
Q

Name four (4) diseases against which standard human immunoglobulins can be used.

A
  1. Hepatitis A.
  2. Measles.
  3. Varicella.
  4. Rubella.
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11
Q

Name eight (8) diseases against which hyperimmunoglobulins can be used.

A
  1. Inhalation anthrax (therapeutic).
  2. Infant botulism (therapeutic).
  3. CMV infection (prophylaxis in organ transplant).
  4. Hepatitis B (prevention and post-exposure prophylaxis).
  5. Rabies (post-exposure prophylaxis).
  6. Tetanus (prophylaxis or therapeutic).
  7. Smallpox.
  8. Varicella (post-exposure prophylaxis in high-risk groups).
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12
Q

Name four (4) therapeutic uses of animal-derived immunoglobulin products.

A
  1. Animal bites (black widow spider, scorpion, rattlesnake).
  2. Botulism (bivalent or heptavalent).
  3. Diphtheria.
  4. Digoxin toxicity.
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13
Q

Name the two (2) main animal sources of immunoglobulin products.

A
  1. Equine products.
  2. Ovine products.
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14
Q

Name the three (3) main monoclonal antibodies and their therapeutic uses in infectious diseases.

A
  1. Palivizumab (RSV infection).
  2. Raxibacumab (inhalation anthrax).
  3. Casirivimab + imbdevimab (SARS-CoV-2 infection).
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15
Q

Name two (2) advantages of polyclonal antibodies.

A
  1. Specificity against multiple epitopes.
  2. Multiple isotypes with different effector functions.
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16
Q

Name four (4) disadvantages of polyclonal antibodies.

A
  1. Low specific activity.
  2. Broad variation in potency.
  3. Limited availability.
  4. Biohazard risk of human blood products.
17
Q

Name two (2) advantages of monoclonal antibodies.

A
  1. High specific activity.
  2. Standardized potency.
  3. Unlimited availability.
  4. Minimal biohazard potential.
18
Q

Name three (3) disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies.

A
  1. Monovalent (single epitope) specificity.
  2. Single isotype.
  3. Potential to select for escape mutants.
19
Q

Name three (3) reasons why IgM are not suitable for passive immunization.

A
  1. Confined to intravascular space.
  2. Low affinity.
  3. Short half-life (5 days).
20
Q

Name three (3) reasons why IgG is considered the best isotype for passive immunization.

A
  1. Longer half-life compared to other types (21 days).
  2. Capacity to enter nonlymphoid tissues.
  3. Capacity to penetrate mucosal sites of infection.
21
Q

Name the two (2) determinants of clinical protection by passive immunization.

A
  1. High titer of specific antibodies.
  2. Early timing of antibody transfer in the course of the disease.

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