Chapter 1 A Short History of Vaccination Flashcards
Who was the first person to introduce vaccination at the population level? In what year?
Edward Jenner in 1798
What was the first method of vaccination?
Arm-to-arm transfer.
Describe the process of retrovaccination.
Inoculation of cows with human vaccine virus and subsequently
Why was retrovaccination used?
To avoid concomitant transmission of other human diseases during arm-to-arm transfer.
Who was the first person to develop a vaccine against anthrax in animals?
Henry Toussaint.
Who proved that it was possible to create standardized, reproducible vaccines?
With which two diseases did this person prove it?
Louis Pasteur, with chicken cholera and anthrax.
Who were the first two individuals vaccinated against rabies?
Joseph Meister and Jean Baptiste Jupille.
Who produced the first killed vaccines?
Daniel Elmer Salmon and Theobald Smith.
Who demonstrated the existence of the diphtheria toxin?
Émile Roux and Alexandre Yersin.
What two diseases were the first targets of toxoid vaccines?
Diphtheria and tetanus.
Who are credited with the first live vaccine against tuberculosis?
Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin.
What technological advance allowed for tremendous growth in vaccine development in the second half of the 20th century?
Technology to grow viruses in stationary cell cultures.
Who are credited with the first two polio vaccines?
Jonas Salk (killed vaccine) and Albert Sabin (live attenuated vaccine).
What is the principle behind cold-adapted live attenuated influenza vaccines?
The attenuated virus can replicate in the cooler environment of nasal passages (32 Celsius) but cannot replicate in the lungs, where it is warmer (37 Celsius).
What adverse event was linked to the first rotavirus vaccine in children?
Intestinal intussusecption.
