Chapter 8- nutrients involved in energy metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Thiamin

A

vitamin B1; required for metabolism of carbohydrate and branched-chain amino acids; assists in production of DNA, RNA, and neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

beriberi

A

thiamin deficiency; causes muscle wasting and nerve damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Riboflavin

A

vitamin B2; water soluble, involved in oxidation-reduction reactions, part of coenzyme glutathione peroxidase, light sensitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ariboflavinosis

A

riboflavin deficiency; sore throat, swollen mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Niacin

A

vitamin B3; comes in two forms - nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, required for oxidation-reduction reactions of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, and can be made from amino acid tryptophan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pellagra

A

severe niacin deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pyridoxine

A

vitamin B6; group of 3 related compounds, coenzyme in amino acid metabolism and gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

B6 toxicity

A

from high-dose supplements- nerve damage and skin lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

B6 deficiency

A

affects skin, blood, and nerve tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Folate

A

works with enzymes critical for DNA synthesis, cell differentiation, amino acid metabolism, and repair of damaged cells, plays a special role in embryo development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

folate deficiency

A

includes neural tude defects in infants, anemia, and heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cyanocobalamin

A

vitamin B12; includes a number of compounds that have a cobalt center surrounded by a ring structure; works with coenzymes to assist DNA synthesis and essential for nervous system functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

pantothenic acid

A

essential for fatty acid metabolism- required for synthesizing cholesterol, steroids, and detoxification of drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

biotin

A

a component of coenzymes used for fatty acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis, contributes to carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

biotin deficiency

A

mostly seen in large consumption of raw egg whites over time, and in people who must consume food intravenously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

choline

A

vitamin-like substance needed for metabolism, cell membranes, neurotransmission, fat and cholesterol maetabolism and transport, and homocysteine metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

choline sources

A

widespread in foods

18
Q

choline deficiency

A

fat accumulation in the liver

19
Q

choline toxicity

A

comes from excess supplementation

20
Q

iodine

A

component of thyroid hormones; regulates body temperature and metabolism, important for reproduction and growth

21
Q

iodine sources

A

saltwater fish, iodized salt, foods prepared with iodized salt

22
Q

excess iodine

A

interferes with thyroid function

23
Q

goiter

A

enlarged thyroid gland; occurs with iodine toxicity AND deficiency

24
Q

Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs)

A

cretinism- mental retardation and stunted growth; hypothyroidism- low thyroid hormone; decreased body temperature, cold intolerance, weight gain, fatigue, sluggishness

25
hyperthyroidism
high levels of thyroid hormone caused by Graves' disease- weight loss, increased heat production, muscular tremors, nervousness, racing heartbeat, protrusion of the eyes
26
chromium
assists insulin to transport glucose from the bloodstream into cells, important for RNA and DNA metabolism, supports immune function and growth
27
chromium sources
widespread in foods; supplementation safety unkown
28
chromium deficiency
inhibits glucose uptake in cells, causing a rise in blood glucose and insulin levels
29
manganese
cofactor in protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, gluconeogenesis, cholesterol synthesis, and urea formation, part of antioxidant superoxide dismutase
30
manganese sources
whole grain foods
31
manganese toxicity
impairs nervous system causing spasms and tremors
32
sulfur
major mineral, component of thiamin and biotin, part of amino acids methionine and cysteine, required by liver for alcohol detoxification, assists in maintaining acid-base balance
33
inadequate b-vitamin intake
impacts ability to perform physical activity; diets high in unenriched processed foods provide inadequate levels of b-vitamins
34
thiamin sources
pork products, sunflower seeds, beans, whole or enriched grains
35
riboflavin sources
milk, enriched foods, meat
36
niacin sources
meat, fish, poultry, enriched breads and cereals
37
vitamin B6 sources
meat, fish, poultry, enriched cereals, starch vegetables
38
folate sources
green leafy vegetables, bread and grain products, liver, lentils, asparagus, and oatmeal
39
B12 sources
meat, eggs, dairy, seafood
40
pantothenic acid sources
chicken, beef, egg yolk, potatoes, oat cereals, tomato products