Chapter 8- nutrients involved in energy metabolism

Question 1

Thiamin

Answer 1

vitamin B1; required for metabolism of carbohydrate and branched-chain amino acids; assists in production of DNA, RNA, and neurotransmitters

Question 2

beriberi

Answer 2

thiamin deficiency; causes muscle wasting and nerve damage

Question 3

Riboflavin

Answer 3

vitamin B2; water soluble, involved in oxidation-reduction reactions, part of coenzyme glutathione peroxidase, light sensitive

Question 4

ariboflavinosis

Answer 4

riboflavin deficiency; sore throat, swollen mucous membranes

Question 5

Niacin

Answer 5

vitamin B3; comes in two forms - nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, required for oxidation-reduction reactions of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, and can be made from amino acid tryptophan

Question 6

pellagra

Answer 6

severe niacin deficiency

Question 7

Pyridoxine

Answer 7

vitamin B6; group of 3 related compounds, coenzyme in amino acid metabolism and gluconeogenesis

Question 8

B6 toxicity

Answer 8

from high-dose supplements- nerve damage and skin lesions

Question 9

B6 deficiency

Answer 9

affects skin, blood, and nerve tissues

Question 10

Folate

Answer 10

works with enzymes critical for DNA synthesis, cell differentiation, amino acid metabolism, and repair of damaged cells, plays a special role in embryo development

Question 11

folate deficiency

Answer 11

includes neural tude defects in infants, anemia, and heart disease

Question 12

Cyanocobalamin

Answer 12

vitamin B12; includes a number of compounds that have a cobalt center surrounded by a ring structure; works with coenzymes to assist DNA synthesis and essential for nervous system functioning

Question 13

pantothenic acid

Answer 13

essential for fatty acid metabolism- required for synthesizing cholesterol, steroids, and detoxification of drugs

Question 14

biotin

Answer 14

a component of coenzymes used for fatty acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis, contributes to carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism

Question 15

biotin deficiency

Answer 15

mostly seen in large consumption of raw egg whites over time, and in people who must consume food intravenously

Question 16

choline

Answer 16

vitamin-like substance needed for metabolism, cell membranes, neurotransmission, fat and cholesterol maetabolism and transport, and homocysteine metabolism

Question 17

choline sources

Answer 17

widespread in foods

Question 18

choline deficiency

Answer 18

fat accumulation in the liver

Question 19

choline toxicity

Answer 19

comes from excess supplementation

Question 20

iodine

Answer 20

component of thyroid hormones; regulates body temperature and metabolism, important for reproduction and growth

Question 21

iodine sources

Answer 21

saltwater fish, iodized salt, foods prepared with iodized salt

Question 22

excess iodine

Answer 22

interferes with thyroid function

Question 23

goiter

Answer 23

enlarged thyroid gland; occurs with iodine toxicity AND deficiency

Question 24

Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs)

Answer 24

cretinism- mental retardation and stunted growth; hypothyroidism- low thyroid hormone; decreased body temperature, cold intolerance, weight gain, fatigue, sluggishness

Question 25

hyperthyroidism

Answer 25

high levels of thyroid hormone caused by Graves’ disease- weight loss, increased heat production, muscular tremors, nervousness, racing heartbeat, protrusion of the eyes

Question 26

chromium

Answer 26

assists insulin to transport glucose from the bloodstream into cells, important for RNA and DNA metabolism, supports immune function and growth

Question 27

chromium sources

Answer 27

widespread in foods; supplementation safety unkown

Question 28

chromium deficiency

Answer 28

inhibits glucose uptake in cells, causing a rise in blood glucose and insulin levels

Question 29

manganese

Answer 29

cofactor in protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, gluconeogenesis, cholesterol synthesis, and urea formation, part of antioxidant superoxide dismutase

Question 30

manganese sources

Answer 30

whole grain foods

Question 31

manganese toxicity

Answer 31

impairs nervous system causing spasms and tremors

Question 32

sulfur

Answer 32

major mineral, component of thiamin and biotin, part of amino acids methionine and cysteine, required by liver for alcohol detoxification, assists in maintaining acid-base balance

Question 33

inadequate b-vitamin intake

Answer 33

impacts ability to perform physical activity; diets high in unenriched processed foods provide inadequate levels of b-vitamins

Question 34

thiamin sources

Answer 34

pork products, sunflower seeds, beans, whole or enriched grains

Question 35

riboflavin sources

Answer 35

milk, enriched foods, meat

Question 36

niacin sources

Answer 36

meat, fish, poultry, enriched breads and cereals

Question 37

vitamin B6 sources

Answer 37

meat, fish, poultry, enriched cereals, starch vegetables

Question 38

folate sources

Answer 38

green leafy vegetables, bread and grain products, liver, lentils, asparagus, and oatmeal

Question 39

B12 sources

Answer 39

meat, eggs, dairy, seafood

Question 40

pantothenic acid sources

Answer 40

chicken, beef, egg yolk, potatoes, oat cereals, tomato products