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Biochemistry > Chapter 8: Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

What is a “Nucleotide”

A

Nitrogeneous base
Pentose
Phosphate

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2
Q

What is a “Nucleoside”

A

Nitrogeneous base

Pentose

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3
Q

What is a “Base”

A

Nitrogeneous base

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4
Q

What are 7 functions of Nucleotides?

A 
Energy for metabolism (ATP)
– Enzyme cofactors (NAD+)
– Signal transduction (cAMP)
– Storage of genetic info (DNA)
– Transmission of genetic info (mRNA)
– Catalysis (ribozymes)
– Protein synthesis (tRNA and rRNA)
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5
Q

At what pH is a Phosphate group charged?

A

Negatively charged at neutral pH

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6
Q

Where is the phosphate group typically attached?

A

At the 5’ position (but may also be attached to other positions)

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7
Q

What’s the difference between a ribonucleoside and a dexoyribonucleoside? What are there abbreviations?

A

ribonucleoside (ex: AMP, ADP, ATP) has a 2’OH group and dexoyribonucleoside (dAMP, dADP, dATP) has a 2’ H group.

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8
Q 
Derivatives of pyrimidine or purine
Nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic
molecules
Planar or almost planar structures
Absorb UV light around 250-270 nm
A

Nucleobases

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9
Q

In pyrimidine bases, where are both DNA and RNA found?

A

Cytosine

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10
Q

In pyrimidine bases, where are DNA only found?

A

Thymine

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11
Q

In pyrimidine bases, where are RNA only found?

A

Uracil

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12
Q

Pyrimidine Bases (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil) are neutral molecules at pH 7 and are good what?

A

H-bond donors and acceptors

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13
Q

In purine bases, where are Adenine and Guanine found?

A

both DNA and RNA

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14
Q

Good H-bond donors and acceptors

Neutral molecules at pH 7

A

Purine Bases

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15
Q

In nucleosides and nucleotides, the pentose ring is attached to the base via an ___ and formed how?

A

N-glycosidic bond. Bond is formed to the anomeric carbon of the sugar in Beta-configuration

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16
Q

Beta N-glycosidic bond is formed to what position in pyrimidines?
in purines

A

N1

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17
Q

Beta N-glycosidic bond is formed to what position in purines?

A

N9

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18
Q

Is Deoxyadenylate (deoxyadenosine 5’-monophosphate) a nucleotide or nucleoside nomenclature?

A

nucleotide

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19
Q

Is Deoxyadenosine a nucleotide or nucleoside nomenclature?

A

nucleoside

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20
Q

What are the SYMBOLS for “Deoxyadenylate” (deoxyadenosine 5’-monophosphate) and “Deoxyguanylate” (deoxyguanosine 5’-monophosphate)?

A

A, dA, dAMP; G, dG, dGMP

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21
Q

What kind of rotation can occur around the N-glycosidic

bond in free nucleotides?

A

free

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22
Q

What conformations occur in N-Glycosidic Bond?

A

syn or anti

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23
Q

What’s the nucleic acid for Purine?

A

None

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24
Q

What’s the nucleic acid for Adenine?

A

RNA and DNA

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25
Q

What’s the nucleic acid for Guanine?

A

RNA and DNA

26
Q

What’s the nucleic acid for Pyrimidines?

A

None

27
Q

What’s the nucleic acid for Cytosine?

A

RNA and DNA

28
Q

What’s the nucleic acid for Thymine?

A

DNA

29
Q

What’s the nucleic acid for Uracil?

A

RNA

30
Q

Is Adenylate a nucleotide or nucleoside nomenclature?

A

Nucleotide

31
Q

What are the SYMBOLS for “Adenylate” (adenosine 5’-monophosphate)

A

A, AMP

32
Q

TRUE/FALSE:

Modification of nucleotides is done after DNA synthesis

A

True

33
Q

Where is 5-Methyldeoxycytidylate commonly found?

A

Eukaryotes (also found in bacteria)

34
Q

Where is N6-Methyldeoxyadenylate commonly found?

A

Bacteria (not found in bacteria)

35
Q

In prokaryotes, what is the epigenetic marker?

A

Mark own DNA so that cells can degrade foreign DNA

36
Q

In eukaryotes, what is the epigenetic marker?

A

Mark which genes should be active (negative

regulation)

37
Q

What are some minor nucleotides in RNA?

A

Inosine and Pseudouridine

38
Q

Where is Inosine found?

A

in the “wobble position” of the anticodon in

tRNA

39
Q

Where is Pseudouridine found?

A

widely in tRNA and rRNA

40
Q

How is Inosine made?

A

deaminating adenosine

41
Q

How does pseudouridine assist tRNA?

A

stabilize the structure of tRNA

42
Q

How does pseudouridine assist rRNA?

A

folding of rRNA

43
Q

DNA backbone is fairly stable or unstable?

A

fairly stable

44
Q

RNA backbone is fairly stable or unstable?

A

unstable

45
Q

We read polynucleotides in what direction?

A

read the sequence from 5’ to 3’

46
Q

Polynucleotides have linear polymers which means?

A

no branching or cross-links

47
Q

TRUE/FALSE:

Polynucleotides, with a negatively charged backbone, are covalent bonds formed via phosphodiester linkages

A

True

48
Q

Hydrolysis of DNA is catalyzed by what enzyme?

A

DNAse

49
Q

Hydrolysis of RNA is catalyzed by what enzyme?

A

RNAse

50
Q

Watson-Crick base pairs predominate in double-stranded

DNA. What are the pairs for A, T, C, G, Purine, Pyrimidine?

A

A pairs with T
C pairs with G
Purine pairs with pyrimidine

51
Q

In Hydrogen bonding interactions,

A

Two bases can hydrogen bond to form a base pair

52
Q

TRUE/FALSE:

For monomers, large number of base pairs is
possible.
In polynucleotide, only few possibilities exist

A

True

53
Q

What are required for complementarity of DNA?

A

Two chains differ in sequence(read from 5’ to 3’)
Two chains are complementary
Two chains run antiparallel

54
Q

TRUE/FALSE:

A-T and C-G pairs are favorable?

A

True

55
Q

First, strand separation.
Each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new strand.
Synthesis is catalyzed by enzymes known as DNA polymerases.
Newly made DNA molecule has one daughter strand and one parent strand.

A

Replication flow of Genetic Code

56
Q

Code Carrier for the Sequence of Proteins

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

57
Q

Instead of deoxyribose and thymine, mRNA contains what?

A

Contains ribose and uracil

58
Q

mRNA is single or double stranded?

A

Single

59
Q

TRUE/FALSE:

mRNA is synthesized using DNA template?

A

True

60
Q

One mRNA may code for how many proteins?

A

more than one protein (polycistronic)

61
Q

Matching Amino Acids with the mRNA Code

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

62
Q

TRUE/FALSE:

tRNA molecules have quite complex structures,
this is an actively studied field

A

True

Biochemistry (5 decks)

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