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Biochemistry > Chapter 24: Genes and Chromosomes > Flashcards

Chapter 24: Genes and Chromosomes Flashcards

1
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

“father of genetics”

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2
Q

Mendel studied the garden pea for two main reasons:

A

1) A large variety were available.

2) Can self-pollinate (“self”) or cross the peas.

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3
Q

How are plants crossed?

A

Taking pollen from one plant and fertilizing another

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4
Q

Cross with plants differing in one character.

A

Monohybrid Cross

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5
Q

TRUE/FALSE:

Mendel started his investigations by first obtaining “pure lines” (he grew these for two years).

A

True

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6
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical appearance

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7
Q

First Filial Generation

A

F1 or filial 1 hybrid offspring(s) of the first filial generation of distinctly different parental types.

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8
Q

Second Filial Generation

A

F2 or filial 2 hybrid offspring(s) of a self or cross between individuals from the first filial generation

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9
Q

Dominance and Recessive are defined by which phenotype

A

F1

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10
Q

What is Mendel’s 1st law?

A

Each particle separates (segregates) equally into the gametes (egg and sperm).

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11
Q

ex:

Each adult pea has 2 particles for each character studied.

A

Alleles of a gene

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12
Q

Hereditary determinants of particulate nature.

A

Genes

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13
Q

Allele

A

Each gamete carries only 1 particle.

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14
Q

Gametes can combine without regard to which particle ____ is carried.

A

Allele

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15
Q

“Green Seeds, Yellow Seeds” are examples of?

A

Phentotypes

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16
Q

Allele symbols “y”, “Y” are examples of?

A

Genotypes

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17
Q

one of the different forms of a gene that can exist.

A

Allele

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18
Q

TRUE/FALSE:

alleles differ in DNA base sequences.

A

True

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19
Q

DNA –> RNA

A

Transcription

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20
Q

RNA –> Protein

A

Translation

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21
Q

behavior of Mendel’s “particles”

(alleles of a gene) parallels the behavior of chromosomes during

A

meiosis (gamete production)

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22
Q

Heterogametic sex

A

XY

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23
Q

Homogametic sex

A

XX

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24
Q

Non-sex chromosomes are called

A

autosomes

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25
Q

Humans have how any chromosomes?

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs) per cell (44 autosomes + 2 sex chromosomes)

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26
Q

Do Sex linked genes only contribute to sexual function?

A

No. They could be involved in eye color,

hair loss, etc..

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27
Q

Genes on autosomes show the kind of ____ ____ studied by Mendel.

A

inheritance patterns

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28
Q

When inheritance patterns are different in males and

females, they are said to show ____ ____

A

sex linkage

29
Q

Discovery of double-helical structure of DNA in 1953 laid…thinking of biomolecules as carriers of
information.
Proteins play roles of catalysts but their role in information transfer was unclear.
Francis Crick’s “Once information has got
into a protein it can’t get out again”.
The Central Dogma was proposed by Francis Crick at the time when there was little evidence to support it

A

Central Dogma of Molecular Biolology

30
Q

Information from parental DNA is copied to daughter

DNA with high fidelity

A

DNA replication

31
Q

RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template

A

Transcription

32
Q

Viruses are able to make RNA and DNA using RNA

as a template

A

Reverse Transcription

33
Q
  1. DNA replication
  2. Transcription
  3. Reverse transcription
  4. Proteins are synthesized based on the information
    stored in ribonucleotide triplets in RNA
A

Information flow of according to Central Dogma

34
Q

TRUE/FALSE:

Protein sequence determines its biological function

A

True

35
Q

One strand of double stranded DNA

acts as molecular template for RNA synthesis

A

Transcription

36
Q

The triplets of nucleotides in mRNA are
matched with corresponding amino acids via triplets of
tRNA

A

Translation

37
Q

TRUE/FALSE:

Protein sequence determines its biological function

A

True

38
Q

DNA in the virion or cell is organized into ____ _____ , typically via coiling and association with
proteins

A

compact forms

39
Q

Chromosome consists of covalently connected

____ ______and associated proteins

A

, one, DNA molecule

40
Q

Viral genomic DNA may be associated with

A

capsid proteins

41
Q

Prokaryotic DNA is associated with proteins in the

A

nucleoid

42
Q

Chromatin

A

where Eukaryotic DNA is organized with proteins into a

complex

43
Q

smaller circular DNA molecules

A

Plasmids

44
Q

Bacterial Genome Usually Consists of ____ Circular Chromosome

A

One

45
Q

Eukaryotic DNA is Organized into ____ Chromosomes

A

Many

46
Q

TRUE/FALSE:

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own DNA

A

True

47
Q

TRUE/FALSE:

Total length of DNA, nor the number of chromosomes
correlates strongly with the perceived complexity of the
organisms

A

True

48
Q

Introns

A

do not encode the polypeptide sequence
are removed
in nearly all eukaryotic genes (25% of sequenced bacterial genomes show presence of
introns)

49
Q

Exons

A

sequences are spliced together after mRNA synthesis

50
Q

Introns in bacterial chromosome

A

interrupt mainly tRNA sequences

51
Q

Introns in phage genomes within bacteria

A

interrupt protein-coding sequences

52
Q

encode for catalytic RNA molecules that

have ability to insert and reverse transcribe themselves into the genomic DNA

A

bacterial introns

53
Q

Can move around within the genome of a single cell
The ends contain terminal repeats that
hybridize with the complementary regions of the
target DNA during insertion

A

Transposons

54
Q

How much of the total genome encodes for proteins?

A

1.5%

55
Q

Biological significance of non-coding

sequences include:

A

-Participate in the regulation
of gene expression (promoters, termination signals, etc)
– Encodes small regulatory RNA with poorly
understood functions
– Junk (pieces of unwanted genes,
remnants of viral infections)

56
Q

cap the ends of linear chromosomes and

are needed for successful cell division

A

Telomeres

57
Q

Centromere

A

Functions in cell division; two sister chromatids are held together during
mitosis

58
Q

As cellular DNA ages, telomeres are

A

shortened after each round of replication

59
Q

DNA must be organized to allow:

A

Packing of large DNA molecules within the cells
Access of proteins to read the information in DNA
sequence

60
Q

TRUE/FALSE:

Normal plasmid DNA in bacteria is usually
supercoiled

A

True

61
Q

What is one of the several levels of DNA organization?

A

supercoiling of the double-stranded

DNA helix

62
Q

Nucleosomes consist of DNA wrapped around

positively charged ______ ______

A

histone proteins

63
Q

_____ ____ is thought to stabilize the nucleosome’s 30 nm fiber

A

Histone H1

64
Q

Higher Levels of Chromatin Structure

A
  • contain topoisomerase II
  • some poorly characterized proteins
  • involves coils upon coils…
65
Q

TRUE/FALSE:

protein-coding regions represent only a small fraction of the total DNA

A

True

66
Q

Bacterial DNA is usually ______ for efficient packing

A

supercoiled

67
Q

Telomeres and centromeres are present in

A

eukaryotes

68
Q

_____ _____ wound around positively charged histones

A

Eukaryotic DNA

Biochemistry (5 decks)

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