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BioChemistry > Chapter 8: Nucleotides > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Nucleotides Flashcards

1
Q

DNA and molecular biology

A

The science that deals with the nucleic acids.

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2
Q

RNA

A

Ribnucleic acid

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3
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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4
Q

What is the structural unit if nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

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5
Q

What are nucleic acids formed of?

A

Polynucleotides

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6
Q

Nucleotides are formed of

A

Nitrogenous base + pentose + phosphate.

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7
Q

Nucleoside

A

Nitrogenous base + penstose

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8
Q

Nitrogenous base is formed of

A
  1. Purines.
  2. Pyrimidine.
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9
Q

Purines

A
  1. Adenine.
  2. Guanine.
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10
Q

Pyrimidine

A
  1. Cytosine.
  2. Uracil.
  3. Thymine.
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11
Q

Pentose is formed of

A
  1. Ribose.
  2. Deoxyribose.
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12
Q

Ribose

A

In RNA.

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13
Q

Deoxyribose

A

In DNA

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14
Q

Uracil site

A

RNA

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15
Q

Thymine site

A

DNA

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16
Q

Cytosine site

A

Both RNA and DNA

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17
Q

Cytosine

A

2 oxy 4 amino Pyrimidine

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18
Q

Deamination of cytosine

A

Uracil

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19
Q

Uracil

A

2, 4 Di oxy Pyrimidine

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20
Q

Thymine

A

5 methyl uracil

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21
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Major Pyrimidines:
1. Uracil.
2. Cytosine.
3. Thymine.
Minor Pyrimidines:
1. Dihydro uracil.
2. Methyl cytosine.
3. Hydroxy methyl cytosine.

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22
Q

Purines

A

Major Purines:
1. Guanine.
2. Adenine.
Minor Purines:
1. N7 methyl guanine.
Oxy purines:
1. Hypoxanthine.
2. Xanthine.
3. Uric acid.
Methylated Purines:
1. Caffeine.
2. Theophylline.
3. Theobromine.

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23
Q

Adenine site

A

Both RNA and DNA

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24
Q

Guanine site

A

Both RNA and DNA

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25
Q

Guanine

A

2 amino 6 oxy purine

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26
Q

Adenine

A

6 amnio purines

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27
Q

Hypoxanthine site

A

No present in DNA and RNA

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28
Q

Xanthine site

A

Not present in DNA or RNA

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29
Q

Hypoxanthine and xanthine formation

A

Formed during synthesis or catabolism of major purines.

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30
Q

Uric acid

A

The end product of the purine catabolism.

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31
Q

Uric acid exertion

A

It is excreted in urine.

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32
Q

Normal blood level amount of Uric acid

A

3-7 mg/dl.

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33
Q

If the Uric acid in blood increases what would happen?

A

It leads to gout (hyperuricemia).

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34
Q

Deamination of adenine

A

Hypoxanthine

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35
Q

Hypoxanthine

A

6 oxy purine

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36
Q

Xanthine

A

2, 6 di oxy purines

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37
Q

Uric acid

A

2,6,8 tri oxy purines

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38
Q

Caffeine , theophylline, theobromine site

A

Not present in DNA or RNA

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39
Q

Caffeine

A

In coffee (1,3,7 tri methyl xanthine).

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40
Q

Theophylline

A

Present in tea (1,3 di methyl xanthine).

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41
Q

Theobromine

A

Present in cocoa (3,7 di methyl xanthine).

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42
Q

End product of methylated purines

A

Not Uric acid

43
Q

Are methylated purines contraindicated in cases of gout?

A

No

44
Q

What do methylated purines act as?

A

The act as CNS stimulants and diuretics.

45
Q

Nucleoside

A

C1 in pentose is attached to N1 (base is Pyrimidine) or N9 (base is purine) by N-glycosidic bond.

46
Q

Nucleotide

A

Phosphate is attached to C5 of pentose (5 hydroxyl group) by phosphate ester bond.

47
Q

Examples of nucleosides

A
  1. Uridine.
  2. Deoxy adenosine.
48
Q

Examples of nucleotides

A
  1. Uridine mono phosphate.
  2. Deoxy adenosine mono phosphate.
49
Q

Carbon atoms of pentose are named?

A

1’ 2’ 3’ 4’ 5’

50
Q

If the nucleotide contains ribose

A

Ribonucleotides

51
Q

If the nucleotide contains Deoxy ribose

A

Deoxy ribonucleotides.

52
Q

What are nucleosides or nucleotides names according to?

A

Their nitrogenous base.

53
Q

Adenine nucleoside

A

Adenosine

54
Q

Adenine nucleotide

A
  1. Adenosine mono phosphate.
  2. Adenylic acid.
55
Q

Guanine nucleoside

A

Guanosine

56
Q

Guanine nucleotide

A
  1. Guanosine mono phosphate.
  2. Guanylic acid.
57
Q

Xanthine nucleoside

A

Xanthosine

58
Q

Xanthine nucleotide

A
  1. Xanthosine mono phosphate.
  2. Xanthylic acid.
59
Q

Hypoxanthine nucleoside

A

Inosine

60
Q

Hypoxanthine nucelotide

A
  1. Inosine mono phosphate.
  2. Inosinic acid.
61
Q

Uracil nucleoside

A

Uridine

62
Q

Uracil nucleotide

A
  1. Uridine mono phosphate.
  2. Uridylic acid.
63
Q

Thymine nucleoside

A

Thymidine

64
Q

Thymine nucleotide

A
  1. Thymidine mono phosphate.
  2. Thymidylic acid.
65
Q

Cytosine nucleoside

A

Cytidine

66
Q

Cytosine nucleotide

A
  1. Cytodine mono phosphate.
  2. Cytidylic acid.
67
Q

Free nucleotides and nucleosides

A
  1. Adenine free nucleotides.
  2. Guanine free nucleotides.
  3. Cytosine free nucleotides.
  4. Uracil free nucleotides.
68
Q

Adenine free nucleotides

A
  1. AMP (adenosine mono phosphate), ADP (adenosine di phosphate), ATP (adenosine Tri trinphosphate).
  2. 3’, 5’ cAMP (cyclic adenosine mono phosphate).
  3. SAM (S-adenosyl methionine) or active methionine.
  4. PAPS (3’ phospho adenosine 5’ phospho sulfate).
  5. Coenzymes containing adenine.
69
Q

What is ATP?

A

Currency of energy inside the body.

70
Q

High energy bonds

A

Bond between a-B and B-y.

71
Q

ATP is a source of energy in all types of work:

A
  1. Mechanical: muscle contractions.
  2. Electrical: nerve impulse.
  3. Chemical: anabolic reactions.
  4. Cell membrane transport.
72
Q

What is cAMP?

A

AMP at which the phosphate attached to 5’ OH and 3’ OH by phosphodiester bond.

73
Q

What is cAMP formed of?

A

3’, 5’ cAMP os formed of ATP by adenylate cyclase.

74
Q

What is cAMP broken down by?

A

Phosphodiesterase

75
Q

Importance of cAMP

A

They act as hormone’s 2nd messenger (signal transduction).

76
Q

Many enzymes involved in metabolic pathways are regulated by?

A

Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation

77
Q

Phosphorylation of enzymes

A
  1. Hormone binds to receptor in cell membrane.
  2. Activation of G protein.
  3. Activation of adenylate cyclase.
  4. Increase in cAMP.
  5. Activates protein kinase A.
  6. Phosphorylation of the enzyme.
78
Q

Dephosphorylation of enzymes

A
  1. By the enzyme (protein phosphatase).
  2. Protein phosphatase is activated by insulin and inhibited by cAMP.
  3. Phosphodiesterase breaks down cAMP into 5’ AMP and activated by insulin.
79
Q

What is adenylate cyclase activate by?

A

Glucagon and adrenaline.

80
Q

What is the active form of glycogen synthase?

A

Dephosphorylated

81
Q

Glycogen phosphorylase kinase active form

A

Phosphorylated

82
Q

What is inactive protein kinase A formed of?

A

It is a tetramer formed of:
1. 2 regulatory subunits (R).
2. 2 catalytic subunits (C).
Each R subunits release the 2 catalytic subunits which are active and catalyze phosphorylation of the enzyme.

83
Q

SAM

A

Free nucleoside.

84
Q

SAM is formed of?

A

Formed in the body from methionine and ATP.

85
Q

SAM function

A

OST important methyl donor in the body.

86
Q

Transmethylation of SAM results in?

A

SAH (S-adenosyl homocysteine).

87
Q

PAPS function

A

Sulfate donor for synthesis of GAGs and Sulfolipids.

88
Q

Coenzymes containing adenine

A
  1. Nicotinamide (vitamin B3) containing nucleotides.
  2. Flavin (vitamin B2) containing nucleotides.
  3. Con enzyme A also called CoASH (containing Vitamin B5).
89
Q

Nicotinamide

A
  1. NAD (Nicotinamide adenine di nucleotide).
  2. NADP (Nicotinamide adenine di nucleotide phosphate) converted to NADPH+H+.
  3. NAD converted NADH+H+.
90
Q

Flavin

A
  1. FMN (flavin mono nucleotide).
  2. FAD (flavin adenine di nucleotide).
  3. Both act as hydrogen carriers.
  4. FMN is converted to FMNH2.
  5. FAD is converted to FADH2.
91
Q

CoASH

A
  1. Acts as acyl group (FA) carrier as in acetyl CoA, Propionyl CoA, and Succinylcholine CoA.
  2. Active group is SH (thiol) group of thioethanolamine.
92
Q

Guanine free nucleotides

A
  1. GMP, GDP, and GTP (guanosine mono, di, and tri phosphate).
  2. cGMP (3’, 5’ cyclic guanosine mono phosphate).
93
Q

cGMP

A

Phosphate is attached to 5’ OH and 3’ OH by phsophodiester.

94
Q

How is cGMP formed?

A

It is formed from GTP by guanylate cyclase.

95
Q

How is cGMP broken down?

A

It is broken down by Phosphodiesterase.

96
Q

cGMP importance

A
  1. Act as hormones 2nd messenger (may antagonize cAMP).
  2. Mediator for vasodilators (cause smooth muscle relaxation) as NO (nitric oxide).
97
Q

Cytosine free nucleotides

A
  1. CMP, CDP, and CTP.
98
Q

CDP function

A

Acts as a carrier for:
1. Ethanolamine.
2. Choline.
3. DAG.
Used for phospholipid synthesis.

99
Q

Uracil free nucleotides

A
  1. UMP, UDP, And UTP.
100
Q

UDP function

A

Carrier for:
1. Glucose.
2. Galactose.
3. Glucuronic acid.

101
Q

UDP glucose

A

Synthesis of:
1. Glycogen.
2. Glycoprotein.
3. Glycolipids.

102
Q

UDP galactose

A

Synthesis of:
1. Lactose.
2. Glycoproteins.
3. Glycolipids.

103
Q

UDP glucuronic acid

A

For synthesis of GAGs ans detoxification of:
1. Steroids.
2. Bilirubin (bile pigment).
3. Drugs.

BioChemistry (8 decks)

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