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Paramedic A&P > Chapter 8: Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

The nervous system is comprised of 2 main structures:

A

Brain, spinal cord

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2
Q

The nervous system is divided into 2 main portions:

A
  • Anatomically
  • Functionally
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3
Q

Anatomical portion of the nervous system

A

*The central nervous system (CNS)
*The peripheral nervous system.

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4
Q

Functional portion of the nervous system:

A
  • Somatic nervous system (the part that regulates systems over voluntary control)
  • Autonomic nervous system (controls body functions without voluntary control
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5
Q

Neural tissue contains two basic types of cells:

A

Neurons and Neuroglia

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6
Q

Define Neurons

A

Nerve cells containing axons and dendrites that make connections with adjacent cells

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7
Q

Define Neuroglia and 5 functions

A

Supporting cells that have 5 basic functions:
*Provide supporting skeleton for neural tissue
*Isolate and protect the cell membranes of neurons
*Regulate the composition of interstitial fluid
*Defend neural tissue from pathogens
*Aid in the repair of injury

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8
Q

Define Unmyelinated axons

A

Axons that are not covered by a myelin sheath

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9
Q

Define Myelinated nerves

A

Nerves with axons that are covered by a myelin sheath

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10
Q

What are the nodes of Ranvier?

A

Regions located between the individual Schwann cells of Myelinated nerves

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11
Q

Which axon does action potential jump between Nodes of Rainvier?

A

Myelinated Nerves (results in increased speed of transmission of the impulse)

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12
Q

Define synapse

A

Gap between nerve cells that consists of a axon terminal, synaptic cleft and membrane of the postsynaptic cell

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13
Q

Define Presynaptic terminal

A

End of neuron where neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft

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14
Q

Synaptic cleft?

A

The space between neurons

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15
Q

Postsynaptic terminal

A

Beginning of a neighboring neuron, opposite the presynaptic terminal and across the synaptic cleft

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16
Q

Electrical impulses travel down the _____ and trigger the release of ____________ from the ________ terminal

A

Electrical impulses travel down the nerve and trigger the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic terminal

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17
Q

neurotransmitters cross the ______ _______ to stimulate an electrical reaction in _______ _______

A

neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft to stimulate an electrical reaction in adjacent neurons

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18
Q

Nerve Fiber

A

Groups of neurons that are bundled together

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19
Q

Nerves are formed by:

A

Bundles of nerve fibers

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20
Q

The nervous system is divided into three parts:

A
  • Central Nervous System (CNS)
  • Peripheral Nervous Systems (PNS)
  • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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21
Q

Nervous system that is composed of the brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

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22
Q

Nervous system that includes second cranial or optic nerve

A

Central Nervous System

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23
Q

Nervous system that includes 11 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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24
Q

Nervous system that controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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25
Q

Nervous system for the Flight-or-flight response

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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26
Q

Nervous System that maintains pulse rate, blood pressure, intestinal motility and pupillary response

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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27
Q

Major regions of the adult brain are:

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Diencephalon
  • Cerebellum
  • Brain stem
28
Q

Components of the brain stem:

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla
29
Q

Largest portion of the brain (three fourths volume)

A

Cerebrum

30
Q

Which part of the brain controls the higher thought process

A

Cerebrum

31
Q

Define Gyri

A

Numerous folds that greatly increase the surface area of the cortex

32
Q

Define Sulci

A

Grooves located between the gyri

33
Q

Subdivisions located within each hemisphere

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  • Temporal lobe
    (Each lobe is named after the bone of the skull that is over it)
34
Q

Which lobe is important in voluntary motor action, as well as personal traits

A

Frontal lobe

35
Q

Which lobe is the site for reception and evaluation of some sensory information (except smell, vision and hearing)

A

Parietal Lobe

36
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobe?

A

Central sulcus

37
Q

Lobe on the posture side that is responsible for processing visual info

A

Occipital lobe

38
Q

Lobe that plays an important role in hearing and memory

A

Temporal lobe

39
Q

Separates the temporal lobe from the rest of the cerebrum

A

Lateral fissure

40
Q

A thin layer of gray matter comprising the outer portion of the cerebrum

A

Cerebral cortex

41
Q

Contains about 75% of all the neuron cell bodies of the nervous system

A

Cerebral cortex

42
Q

The part of the brain between the brain stem and the cerebrum?

A

Diencephalon

43
Q

Components of the Diencephalon?

A
  • Thalamus
  • Subthalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus
44
Q

Function of the thalamus?

A

Process most sensory input and influences mood and general body movements (especially fear or rage)

45
Q

Functions of the Subthalamus?

A

Involved in controlling motor functions

46
Q

Functions of the Epithalamus?

A

Involve control of emotions, circadian rhythms and connecting the limbic system with the rest of the brain

47
Q

Functions of the Hypothalamus?

A

Vital in the control of many bodily functions (heart rate, digestion, sexual development, temperature regulation, emotion, hunger, thirst and sleep cycle)

48
Q

How many cranial nerves exit the brainstem?

A

All but 2 of the 12 cranial nerves exit from the brainstem.

49
Q

Lies immediately below the diencephalon and is the smallest region of the brain stem

A

Midbrain

50
Q

set of important structures deep within the cerebrum, diencephalons, and midbrain that plays an important role in coordination of motor movements and posture

A

Basal ganglia

51
Q

Limbic System

A
  • Consists of a portion of the cerebrum and diencephalon
  • Includes several structures that influence emotions, motivation, mood and sensation of pain & pleasure
52
Q

Lies below the midbrain and above the medulla. Contains nerve fibers for sleep, respiration and medullary respiratory center

A

Pons

53
Q

serves as a conduction pathway for both ascending and descending nerve tracts

A

Medulla

54
Q

Coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing

A

Medulla

55
Q

Responsible for all respiratory movements

A

Pons and Medullary respiratory center

56
Q

Communicates with other regions of the CNS, essential in coordaining muscle movements, necessary for proper balance and movement

A

Cerebellum

57
Q

A set of three tough membranes that enclose the entire CNS

A

Meninges

58
Q

Outer and toughest membrane of the meninges

A

Dura mater

59
Q

Has many blood vessels and nerves and attaches to the inside of the cranial cavity

A

Meninges

60
Q

Arachnoid

A

Thin, weblike second layer, lies between the dura and pia maters

61
Q

Pia mater

A

Inner layer resting directly on the brain

62
Q

If a hematoma develops, it can be classified according to its location in respect to the ________

A

Meninges

63
Q

fluid in which the meninges float; it is manufactured in the ventricles of the brain and flows in the subarachnoid space

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

64
Q

Located between the arachnoid mater

A

Subarachnoid space

65
Q

CSF is manufactured by:

A

Specialized cells within the choroid plexus in the ventricles(hollow areas in the brain

66
Q

CSF is similar in composition to _______

A

Plasma

67
Q

________ And _______ form a fluid filled sac that cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges, CSF

Paramedic A&P (2 decks)

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