Chapter 8: Nationalism and Economic Development 1816 - 1848

Question 1

Era of Good Feelings

Answer 1

This era are the years that Monroe was in office

• Era marked by spirit of nationalism, optimism, and good will
• This was due to the death of the Federalist party
• Was not completely without ill feelings, no political unity, Democratic-Republican party held two factions

Question 2

James Monroe

Answer 2

Fifth president of the United States, from Virginia and fought in the Revolutionary War

• Popular vote for James Monroe was cast by younger Americans
• Young voters had different concerns than that of the founding fathers: expansion westward, rather than European affairs
• Under Monroe the country acquired Florida; agreed on the Missouri Compromise and adopted the Monroe Doctrine

Question 3

Tariff of 1816

Answer 3

The first protective tariff in US history, passed by Congress

• Raised the tariff rates on certain goods for the purpose of protecting US manufacturers from ruin
• Due to the new factories made to lessen the value of British goods on the American market during peacetime
• Americans feared the dumping by the British of their goods on the American market would take away American business

Question 4

Henry Clay’s American System

Answer 4

Proposed by Kentucky’s Henry Clay (in the House) to advance the nation’s economic growth and had three main aspects:

1. Protective tariffs
2. A national bank
3. Internal manufacturing
   - Argued that protective tariffs would promote American manufacturing and raise revenue to build a system of federally constructed roads and canals
   - A national bank would keep systems running smoothly by providing a national currency

Question 5

Panic of 1819

Answer 5

Fractured the Era of Good Feelings with the first major financial panic since the Constitution had been ratified

• Mainly the fault of the Second Bank of the United States which had tightened credit in order to control inflation
• Many state banks closed, the value of money fell, there were large increases in unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt
• Many Westerners changed their political views:
• Caused nationalism beliefs to be shaken
• Most severe in the West, called for land reforms and opposition to both the national bank and debtors prisons

Question 6

Cultural Nationalism

Answer 6

• The younger generation was excited about the era = believed they were entering into
  an era of unlimited prosperity
• young nation was excited about the prospects of moving westward, had little interest in
  European wars
• Patriotic themes in art & schoolbooks
• Heros in the American Revolution were represented in works from Gilbert Stuart,
  Charles Willson Peale & John Trumball
• Mason Weems wrote a biography about George Washington
• Noah Webster’s blue-backed speller was widely used in American public schools
• The basic ideas and ideals of nationalism and patriotism soon dominated 19th century
  America

Question 7

Economic Nationalism

Answer 7

movement to support the growth of the nation’s economy; internal improvements to
protect U.S. industries from European competition was another big aspect

Question 8

Political Changes (Federalist Party)

Answer 8

• Big reason for the decline of the Federalist party was because of their inability to adapt to the growing nation
• After the election of 1816 the party no longer existed and could not provide a candidate in the election of 1820

Question 9

Political Changes (Republican-Democratic Party)

Answer 9

• John Randolph clung to old ideals of party
• majority adopted Federalist program:
  
  • authorized large army and navy
  • chartered new bank
  • political factions and sectionalism grew

Question 10

John Marshall

Answer 10

Still reigned as the Federalist Supreme Court Chief Justice

• Still made decisions that favored Federalist agenda
• Republicans voted into the Supreme Court sided with Marshall due to the idea that the Constitution called for a strong and flexible central government

Question 11

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Answer 11

The first time the Supreme Court declared a state law to be unconstitutional and invalid

• Case involved land fraud in Georgia
• Marshall concluded that a state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract

Question 12

Martin v. Hunter’s Lease (1816)

Answer 12

The Supreme Court established the principle that it had jurisdiction over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights

Question 13

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

Answer 13

The Marshall Court argue that the state law that altering contracts for private corporations could not be done by the state
- Involved a law of New Hampshire that changed Dartmouth College from a privately chartered school to a public school

Question 14

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Answer 14

Using a loose interpretation of the Constitution, Marshall ruled that the federal government had the implied power to create a national bank

• Maryland attempted the collection of a tax on the Second Bank of the United States
• A state could not tax a federal institution
• Federal laws are supreme over state laws

Question 15

Cohens v. Virginia (1821)

Answer 15

The Cohens were convicted of selling Washington D.C. lottery tickets in Virginia

• Marshall’s court upheld the conviction
• Established the principle that the Supreme Court could review a state court’s decisions involving any of the powers of the federal government

Question 16

Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)

Answer 16

Marshall established the federal government’s broad control of interstate commerce
- New York granted a monopoly to a steamboat company which conflicted with a charter authorized by Congress

Question 17

Acquisition of Native American Lands

Answer 17

large areas of land were opened up to settlers after Native Americans had been driven back by Harrison and Jackson victories

Question 18

Economic Pressures

Answer 18

• Problems resulting from embargo and war pushed people from the North to the West for new opportunity
• South needed new land to replace exhausted tobacco soil

Question 19

Improved Transportation

Answer 19

Roads, canals, steamboats and railroads helped families move to the west

Question 20

Immigrants

Answer 20

More Europeans convinced to moved by speculators offering cheap land in the west

Question 21

Western issues and traits

Answer 21

The West had smaller populations than any other sections so they negotiated so they had more power in congress; listed below are important Western state attributes:

1. “cheap money” (easy credit) from state banks rather than from the Bank of the U.S.
2. low prices for land sold by the federal government
3. improved transportation

Question 22

The Missouri Compromise

Answer 22

In an effort to preserve the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states

• The Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state
• With the exception of Missouri this law prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory

Question 23

Tallmadge Amendment

Answer 23

Representative James Tallmadge from New York ignited the debate about Missouri question (impending statehood) by proposing an amendment to the bill for Missouri’s admission. Called for

1. Prohibiting the further introduction of slaves into Missouri
2. Requiring the children of Missouri slaves to be emancipated at age 25
   - If adopted, the amendment would have led to the gradual elimination of slavery in Missouri
   - Defeated in the Senate, Southerners saw it as the first step of the North to abolish slavery in all states

Question 24

Clay’s Proposals

Answer 24

Henry Clay won majority support for three bills, when combined represented compromise

1. Missouri was to be admitted as a slave holding state
2. Maine was to be admitted as a free state
3. In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36°30’ slaves were prohibited

Question 25

Nationalism

Answer 25

loyalty to the Union (Nation)

Question 26

Sectionalism

Answer 26

loyalty to one’s own region

Question 27

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

Answer 27

Britain and America agreed to a major disarmament pact

• Limited naval armament on the Great Lakes
• Placed limits on border fortifications

Question 28

Treaty of 1818

Answer 28

Another treaty between Britain and America which continued the improved relations by

1. Sharing fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland
2. Joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for 10 years
3. Settling the Northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel

Question 29

Florida (during and after 1812 war)

Answer 29

During War of 1812:
- US troops had occupied in western Florida
- Spain held it previously
- The Spanish had difficulty governing the peninsula
after the war
- Seminoles, runaway slaves, and white outlaws took
advantage and began conducting raids on U.S.
Monroe and Jackson took action

Question 30

Andrew Jackson’s Military Campaign

Answer 30

• Commissioned by the President (Monroe at the time) to stop the raiders in Florida (Seminole Indians) and if necessary, pursue them
• Jackson carried out his orders and went beyond his instructions
• Destroyed Seminole villages, hanged two Seminole chiefs, drove out the Spanish governor, and hanged two Britons

Question 31

Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)

Answer 31

Spain worried that the US would seize Florida

• Sold it to the US for $5 million dollars
• Americans ceded their claims in Spanish Texas

Question 32

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 32

• On December 2, 1823 Monroe submitted a declaration of U.S. policy toward Europe
  A means to protect the Western Hemisphere from monarchical means
• U.S. could not ignore European intervention in Western Hemisphere
  
  • Monarchies grew in Europe, posed growing threat to
    U.S.
• Declared that the US was opposed to attempts by a European power to interfere in the affairs of any republic in the Western Hemisphere
  
  • American continents are free and independent as they are maintained
  • They are not to be considered as subjects of colonization by European powers

Question 33

British Initiative

Answer 33

• British navy helped deter Spanish from Latin American involvement
• British wanted to main trade with Latin American republics
• A joint Anglo-American was created by U.S. ministers and British to stop the European powers from intervening in South America

Question 34

American Response

Answer 34

• Adams believed joint action would restrict US opportunity:
  1. If U.S. acted alone, Britain could be counted on to stand behind U.S.
  2. No European power would risk going to war in South America

Question 35

Impact of Monroe Doctrine

Answer 35

• American people were surprised and a little mad but quickly got over it
• British were annoyed because it applied to them as well - Europeans realized words were backed up by British navy
• Became the cornerstone of US foreign policy

Question 36

National Economy

Answer 36

• Early 1800s Jeffersonian dream of independent farmers remained in rural areas
• As the century progressed increasing percentage of people were swept up by Industrial Revolution
• Conflicts over tariffs, internal improvements, and the bank reflected on the effect of a national economy

Question 37

Population Growth

Answer 37

• Between 1800 and 1825 U.S. population nearly doubled - The next 25 years it doubled again
• British and German immigrants, nonwhite population grew despite restrictions on importation of slaves
  
  • Almost 1/3 lived west of Alleghenies by 1830s

Question 38

Transportation

Answer 38

Efficient network of roads and canals were necessary for moving people, raw materials, and manufactured goods in the economy

Question 39

Roads

Answer 39

• Most were short toll roads, construction of highways that crossed state lines were unusual, usually blocked by Congress
• Lancaster Turnpike:
  
  • Built in the 1790s, connected Philadelphia with rich farmlands, success stimulated construction of other privately built short toll roads
• National/Cumberland Road:
  
  • Paved highway, major route to the west extending from Maryland to Illinois, begun in 1811, finished in 1850s, received federal and sate money

Question 40

Canals

Answer 40

• The Erie Canal:
• 1825 major event in linking economies of western farms and eastern cities, successes touched off a frenzy of canal building, improved transportation lowered food prices and created stronger economic ties between the east and west

Question 41

Steamboats

Answer 41

• Age of mechanized travel in 1807, began with voyage of Clermont, soon huge numbers linked the nation
• Clermont:
• Steamboat developed by Robert Fulton, voyaged up the Hudson River in 1807

Question 42

Railroads

Answer 42

• Became a more rapid and reliable link between cities
• Earlier attempts were hampered because of safety problems
• By the 1830s railroads were competing directly with canals as alternative method for carrying passengers and freight

Question 43

Growth of Industry

Answer 43

• By mid 19th century American manufacturing surpassed US agriculture
• And by the end of the century it was the world’s leader and came in response to number of factors

Question 44

Mechanical Inventions

Answer 44

• Patent laws helped inventors reap rewards for their ingenuity, big reason for growth of industry
• Eli Whitney:
  
  • developed the cotton gin in 1793
  • also developed interchangeable parts for basis of mass production methods

Question 45

Corporations

Answer 45

• 1811 New York passed law making it easier for businesses to incorporate and raise capital(money)
• owners risked only small amount of money
• changes in state laws facilitated raising large sums of capital

Question 46

Factory System

Answer 46

• Samuel Slater:
• took British secrets for cotton-spinning machines from Britain to America, built first US factory in 1791
• 1820s New England emerged as the country’s leading manufacturing center due to waterpower
• also the decline of New England’s maritime industry made capital available
• other states followed example = led to growth of financial businesses

Question 47

Labor

Answer 47

• finding workers for factories was a large system
  
  • used women for the work in textile factories, also used child labor
• Lowell System:
• recruiting young farm women, housing them in company dormitories
• immigrants weren’t employed until later

Question 48

Unions

Answer 48

• major cities organized trade/craft and increased in numbers as the factory system grew
• skilled workers sought employment in factories because their practice of working in shops couldn’t compete
• workers worked long hours, had low pay, and poor working conditions
• the goal of the unions was to reduce to ten hour workday
• Obstacles to union success were immigrant replacements, state laws outlawing unions, and frequent economic depressions

Question 49

Commercial Agriculture

Answer 49

In early 1800s farming became more of a commercial enterprise

Question 50

Cheap Land and Easy Credit

Answer 50

land was sold really cheap in the west and state banks also made it easy by giving farmers loans with a low interest rate

Question 51

Markets

Answer 51

New markets began opening up because of the creation of all this new transportation options

Question 52

Cotton and the South

Answer 52

• Cotton gin transformed the South
• Cotton was planted more profitably than tobacco and indigo
• Southerners invested their capital into slaves and new land in Alabama and Mississippi
• They shipped overseas to British textile factories

Question 53

Effects of Market Revolution

Answer 53

Factors:

• Farming, growth of the cities, industrialization, and capitalism = market revolution
• farmers fed the workers in the cities, who produced goods
• For most Americans standard of living increased
• But impersonal, fast-changing economy presented challenges and problems

Question 54

Women

Answer 54

• women no longer worked next to their husbands or on the family farm
• they moved to the cities, worked mainly in domestic service or teaching, factory jobs were uncommon, single women worked
• women were gaining power
• women were having fewer children and arranged marriages
• although legal restrictions remained

Question 55

Economic and Social Mobility

Answer 55

• real wages improved for most
• income disparity widened
• but social mobility occurred
• economic opportunities were more prevalent in America than in Europe

Question 56

Slavery

Answer 56

many people felt slavery would gradually disappear, however, it was unfeasible due to exhausted soil of coastal lands and the constitutional ban on importation of slaves, hopes for end of slavery were ended by growth of cotton industry