Chapter 8: Movement Flashcards
Define aerobic
Requiring the use of oxygen during movements
What’re smooth muscles?
They control the digestive system and other organs
Define anaerobic
Proceeding without using oxygen at the time of a reaction
What are antagonistic muscles?
Opposing sets of muscles that are required to move a leg or arm back and forth
What is a Babinski reflex?
The extension of the big toe and fanning of the others, by an infant, when the sole of the foot is stroked
What is ballistic movement?
Motion that proceeds as a single organized unit that cannot be redirected once it begins
What’re cardiac muscles?
Muscles of the heart that have properties intermediate between those of smooth and skeletal muscles
What’re central pattern generators?
Neural mechanisms in the spinal cord that generate rhythmic patterns of motor output
Define extensor
Muscle that straightens the limb
What’re fast-twitch fibers?
Muscle fibers that produce fast contractions but fatigue rapidly
Define flexor
Muscle that flexes the limb
What is a Golgi tendon organ?
Receptors that respond to increases in muscle tension; inhibit further contractions
What is a grasp reflex?
A reflexive grasp of an object placed firmly in the hand
What is a motor program?
A fixed sequence of movements
What is a muscle spindle?
A receptor parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch
What is a neuromuscular junction?
A synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fiber
What is a proprioceptor?
A receptor that detects the position or movement if a part of the body
What’re reflexes?
Automatic muscle responses to stimuli
What is a rooting reflex?
When an infant’s cheek is touched, the infant turns toward the stimulated cheek and begins to suck
What’re skeletal (striated) muscles?
Muscles that control movement of the body in relation to the environment
What’re slow-twitch fibers?
Muscle fibers that have less vigorous contractions and no fatigue
What is a stretch reflex?
A reflexive contraction or a muscle in response to a stretch of that muscle
Which transmitter causes a skeletal muscle to contract?
Acetylcholine
If you hold your arm straight out and someone pulls it down slightly, it quickly bounces back. Which proprioceptor is responsible?
The muscle spindle
What is an antisaccade task?
A voluntary eye movement away from the normal direction
What is a basal ganglia?
A group of sub cortical forebrain structures lateral to the thalamus; critical for learning new habits
What is a caudate nucleus?
Large subcortical structure, part of the basal ganglia
What is a cerebellar cortex?
The surface of the cerebellum
What’re corticospinal tracts?
Paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord
Define globus pallidus
Large subcortical structure, part of the basal ganglia
What is a lateral corticospinal tract?
A set of axons from the primary motor cortex, surrounding areas, and midbrain area that is primarily responsible for controlling the peripheral muscles
What is a medial corticospinal tract?
Set of axons from many parts of the cerebral cortex, midbrain, and medulla; responsible for control of bilateral muscles of the neck, shoulders, and trunk
What’re mirror neurons?
Cells that are active during a movement and while watching someone else perform the same movement
What’re nuclei of the cerebellum?
Clusters of cell bodies in the interior of the cerebellum
What’re parallel fibers?
Axons parallel to one another and perpendicular to the planes of the Purkinje cells
What is the posterior parietal cortex?
Area with a mixture of visual, somatosensory, and movement functions, particularly in monitoring the position of the body relative to objects in the world
What is the prefrontal cortex?
Anterior portion of the frontal lobe, which responds mostly to the sensory stimuli that signal the need for a movement
What is the primary motor cortex?
Area of the prefrontal cortex just anterior to the central sulcus; a primary point of origin for axons conveying messages to the spinal cord
What’re Purkinje cells?
Flat cells in sequential planes, in the cerebellar cortex, parallel to one another
What is putamen?
Large subcortical structure, part of the basal ganglia
What’s readiness potential?
Recordable activity in the motor cortex prior to voluntary movement
What is a red nucleus?
A midbrain area that is primarily responsible for controlling the arm muscles
What is the supplementary motor cortex?
Area of the frontal cortex; active during the preparation of a rapid sequence of movements
What is a vestibular nucleus?
Cluster of neurons in the brainstem, primarily responsible for motor responses to vestibular sensation
_____ -> caudate nucleus & putamen
Cerebral cortex
Cerebral cortex -> _____&_____ -> globus pallidus
Caudate nucleus & putamen
Caudate nucleus & putamen -> _____-> thalamus & midbrain
Globus pallidus
Globus pallidus -> _____ & _____
Thalamus & midbrain
Thalamus -> _____
Motor and prefrontal areas of cerebral cortex
Purkinje cells inhibit and release what neurotransmitter?
GABA
Caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus are all part of the ____
Basal ganglia
