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Intro. to Brain and Behavior > Chapter 8: Movement > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Movement Flashcards

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0
Q

Define aerobic

A

Requiring the use of oxygen during movements

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1
Q

What’re smooth muscles?

A

They control the digestive system and other organs

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2
Q

Define anaerobic

A

Proceeding without using oxygen at the time of a reaction

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3
Q

What are antagonistic muscles?

A

Opposing sets of muscles that are required to move a leg or arm back and forth

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4
Q

What is a Babinski reflex?

A

The extension of the big toe and fanning of the others, by an infant, when the sole of the foot is stroked

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5
Q

What is ballistic movement?

A

Motion that proceeds as a single organized unit that cannot be redirected once it begins

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6
Q

What’re cardiac muscles?

A

Muscles of the heart that have properties intermediate between those of smooth and skeletal muscles

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7
Q

What’re central pattern generators?

A

Neural mechanisms in the spinal cord that generate rhythmic patterns of motor output

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8
Q

Define extensor

A

Muscle that straightens the limb

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9
Q

What’re fast-twitch fibers?

A

Muscle fibers that produce fast contractions but fatigue rapidly

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10
Q

Define flexor

A

Muscle that flexes the limb

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11
Q

What is a Golgi tendon organ?

A

Receptors that respond to increases in muscle tension; inhibit further contractions

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12
Q

What is a grasp reflex?

A

A reflexive grasp of an object placed firmly in the hand

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13
Q

What is a motor program?

A

A fixed sequence of movements

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14
Q

What is a muscle spindle?

A

A receptor parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch

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15
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

A synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fiber

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16
Q

What is a proprioceptor?

A

A receptor that detects the position or movement if a part of the body

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17
Q

What’re reflexes?

A

Automatic muscle responses to stimuli

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18
Q

What is a rooting reflex?

A

When an infant’s cheek is touched, the infant turns toward the stimulated cheek and begins to suck

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19
Q

What’re skeletal (striated) muscles?

A

Muscles that control movement of the body in relation to the environment

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20
Q

What’re slow-twitch fibers?

A

Muscle fibers that have less vigorous contractions and no fatigue

21
Q

What is a stretch reflex?

A

A reflexive contraction or a muscle in response to a stretch of that muscle

22
Q

Which transmitter causes a skeletal muscle to contract?

A

Acetylcholine

23
Q

If you hold your arm straight out and someone pulls it down slightly, it quickly bounces back. Which proprioceptor is responsible?

A

The muscle spindle

24
Q

What is an antisaccade task?

A

A voluntary eye movement away from the normal direction

25
Q

What is a basal ganglia?

A

A group of sub cortical forebrain structures lateral to the thalamus; critical for learning new habits

26
Q

What is a caudate nucleus?

A

Large subcortical structure, part of the basal ganglia

27
Q

What is a cerebellar cortex?

A

The surface of the cerebellum

28
Q

What’re corticospinal tracts?

A

Paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord

29
Q

Define globus pallidus

A

Large subcortical structure, part of the basal ganglia

30
Q

What is a lateral corticospinal tract?

A

A set of axons from the primary motor cortex, surrounding areas, and midbrain area that is primarily responsible for controlling the peripheral muscles

31
Q

What is a medial corticospinal tract?

A

Set of axons from many parts of the cerebral cortex, midbrain, and medulla; responsible for control of bilateral muscles of the neck, shoulders, and trunk

32
Q

What’re mirror neurons?

A

Cells that are active during a movement and while watching someone else perform the same movement

33
Q

What’re nuclei of the cerebellum?

A

Clusters of cell bodies in the interior of the cerebellum

34
Q

What’re parallel fibers?

A

Axons parallel to one another and perpendicular to the planes of the Purkinje cells

35
Q

What is the posterior parietal cortex?

A

Area with a mixture of visual, somatosensory, and movement functions, particularly in monitoring the position of the body relative to objects in the world

36
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex?

A

Anterior portion of the frontal lobe, which responds mostly to the sensory stimuli that signal the need for a movement

37
Q

What is the primary motor cortex?

A

Area of the prefrontal cortex just anterior to the central sulcus; a primary point of origin for axons conveying messages to the spinal cord

38
Q

What’re Purkinje cells?

A

Flat cells in sequential planes, in the cerebellar cortex, parallel to one another

39
Q

What is putamen?

A

Large subcortical structure, part of the basal ganglia

40
Q

What’s readiness potential?

A

Recordable activity in the motor cortex prior to voluntary movement

41
Q

What is a red nucleus?

A

A midbrain area that is primarily responsible for controlling the arm muscles

42
Q

What is the supplementary motor cortex?

A

Area of the frontal cortex; active during the preparation of a rapid sequence of movements

43
Q

What is a vestibular nucleus?

A

Cluster of neurons in the brainstem, primarily responsible for motor responses to vestibular sensation

44
Q

_____ -> caudate nucleus & putamen

A

Cerebral cortex

45
Q

Cerebral cortex -> _____&_____ -> globus pallidus

A

Caudate nucleus & putamen

46
Q

Caudate nucleus & putamen -> _____-> thalamus & midbrain

A

Globus pallidus

47
Q

Globus pallidus -> _____ & _____

A

Thalamus & midbrain

48
Q

Thalamus -> _____

A

Motor and prefrontal areas of cerebral cortex

49
Q

Purkinje cells inhibit and release what neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

50
Q

Caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus are all part of the ____

A

Basal ganglia

Intro. to Brain and Behavior (2 decks)

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