Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met.

Question 2

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 2

Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person.

Question 3

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 3

Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner.

Question 4

Instincts

Answer 4

The biological determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals.

Question 5

Instinct Approach

Answer 5

Approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by instincts similar to those of animals.

Question 6

Need

Answer 6

A requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism.

Question 7

Drive

Answer 7

A psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension.

Question 8

Drive-Reduction theory

Answer 8

Approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal.

Question 9

Primary Drives

Answer 9

Those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst.

Question 10

Acquired (Secondary) Drives

Answer 10

Those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval.

Question 11

Homeostasis

Answer 11

The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state.

Question 12

Need for Achievement (nAch)

Answer 12

A need that involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones.

Question 13

Need for Affiliation (nAff)

Answer 13

The need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others.

Question 14

Need for Power (nPow)

Answer 14

The need to have control or influence over others.

Question 15

Stimulus Motive

Answer 15

A motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity.

Question 16

Arousal Theory

Answer 16

Theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasingly decreasing stimulation.

Question 17

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 17

Law stating performance is related to arousal; moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance then do levels of arousal that are too low or too high. This effect varies with the difficulty of the task: Easy task me require a high moderate level whereas more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level.

Question 18

Sensation Seeker

Answer 18

Someone who needs more arousal than the average person.

Question 19

Incentives

Answer 19

Things that attract or lure people into action.

Question 20

Incentive Approaches

Answer 20

Theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and it’s rewarding properties.

Question 21

Expectancy-Value Theories

Answer 21

Incentive theories that assume the actions of humans cannot be predicted or fully understood without understanding the beliefs, values, and the importance that a person attaches to those beliefs and values at any given moment in time.

Question 22

Self-Actualization

Answer 22

According to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential.

Question 23

Peak Experiences

Answer 23

According to Maslow, times in a person’s life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved.

Question 24

Self-Determination Theory (SDT)

Answer 24

Theory of human motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action.

Question 25

Insulin

Answer 25

A hormone secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by reducing the level of glucose in the bloodstream.

Question 26

Glucagon

Answer 26

Hormones that are secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by increasing the level of glucose in the bloodstream.

Question 27

Weight Set Point

Answer 27

The particular level of weight that the body tried to maintain.

Question 28

Nasal Metabolic Rates (BMR)

Answer 28

The rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting.

Question 29

Leptin

Answer 29

A hormone that, when released into the bloodstream, signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of being full.

Question 30

Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 30

A condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that a weight loss of 15 percent below the ideal body weight or more occurs.

Question 31

Bulimia Nervosa

Answer 31

A condition in which a person develops a cycle of “binging,” or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and then using unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain.

Question 32

Emotion

Answer 32

The “feeling” aspect of consciousness, characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings.

Question 33

Display Rules

Answer 33

Learned ways to controlling displays of emotion in social setting.

Question 34

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Answer 34

Theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion.

Question 35

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Answer 35

Theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time.

Question 36

Cognitive Arousal Theory

Answer 36

Theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced.

Question 37

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Answer 37

Theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion.

Question 38

Cognitive-Mediational Theory

Answer 38

Theory of emotion in which a stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction.

Question 39

Positive Psychology Movement

Answer 39

A viewpoint that recommends shifting the focus of psychology away from the negative aspects to a more positive focus on strengths, well-being, and the pursuit of happiness.