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AP Psychology > Chapter 11: Theories of Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Theories of Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

The unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave.

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2
Q

Character

A

Value judgments of a person’s moral and ethical behavior.

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3
Q

Temperament

A

The enduring characteristics with which each person is born.

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4
Q

Unconscious mind

A

Level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are no easily or voluntary brought into consciousness.

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5
Q

Id

A

Pet of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious.

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6
Q

Pleasure principle

A

Principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences.

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7
Q

Ego

A

Part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and logical.

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8
Q

Reality principle

A

Principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result.

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9
Q

Superego

A

Part of the personality that acts as a moral center.

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10
Q

Conscience

A

Part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how acceptable behavior is.

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11
Q

Fixation

A

Disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage.

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12
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

Five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child.

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13
Q

Oral stage

A

First stage occurring in the first year of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict.

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14
Q

Anal stage

A

Second stage occurring from about 1 to 3 years of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict.

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15
Q

Anal expulsive personality

A

A person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile.

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16
Q

Anal retentive personality

A

A person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn.

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17
Q

Phallic stage

A

Third stage occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings.

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18
Q

Oedipus complex

A

Situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent.

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19
Q

Identification

A

Defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety.

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20
Q

Latency

A

Fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways.

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21
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Freuds term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it.

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22
Q

Neo-freudians

A

Followers of Freud who developed their own competing psychodynamic theories.

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23
Q

Personal unconscious

A

Jungs name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud.

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24
Q

Collective unconscious

A

Jungs name for the memories shared by all members of the human species.

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25
Q

Archetypes

A

Jungs collective, universal human memories.

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26
Q

Basic anxiety

A

Anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults.

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27
Q

Neurotic personalities

A

Personalities typified by maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships in Horneys theory.

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28
Q

Habits

A

In behaviorism, sets of well learned responses that have become automatic.

29
Q

Social cognitive learning theorists

A

Theorist who emphasize the importance of both the influences of other peoples behavior and of a persons own expectations of learning.

30
Q

Social cognitive view

A

Learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation or models.

31
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

Banduras explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior.

32
Q

Self-efficacy

A

Individuals expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance.

33
Q

Locus of control

A

The tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives.

34
Q

Expectancy

A

A persons subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence.

35
Q

Humanistic perspective

A

The “third force” in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice.

36
Q

Self-actualizing tendency

A

The striving to fulfill ones innate capacities and capabilities.

37
Q

Self-concept

A

The image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in ones life.

38
Q

Self

A

An individuals awareness of their own personal characteristics and level of functioning.

39
Q

Real self

A

Ones perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities.

40
Q

Ideal self

A

Ones perception of whom one should be or would like to be.

41
Q

Positive regard

A

Warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in life.

42
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

Positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached.

43
Q

Conditional positive regard

A

Positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish.

44
Q

Fully functioning person

A

A person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings.

45
Q

Trait theories

A

Theories that endeavor to describe characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior.

46
Q

Trait

A

A consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving.

47
Q

Surface traits

A

Aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person.

48
Q

Source traits

A

The more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality.

49
Q

Introversion

A

Dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw form excessive stimulation.

50
Q

Five-factor model (Big Five)

A

Model of personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions.

51
Q

Openness

A

One of the five factors; willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences.

52
Q

Conscientiousness

A

The care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability.

53
Q

Extraversion

A

People who are outgoing and sociable.

54
Q

Introverts

A

People who prefer solitude and dislike being the center of attention.

55
Q

Agreeableness

A

The emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant.

56
Q

Neuroticism

A

Degree of emotional instability or stability.

57
Q

Trait-situation interaction

A

The assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is exposed.

58
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

Field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics.

59
Q

Interview

A

Method of personality assessment in which the professional ask questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured or unstructured fashion.

60
Q

Halo effect

A

Tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessment of the clients behavior and statements.

61
Q

Projection

A

Defense mechanism involving placing, or “projecting,” ones own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts actually belonged on those others and not to oneself.

62
Q

Projective effects

A

Personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind.

63
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

Projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli.

64
Q

Thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

Projective text that uses 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli.

65
Q

Subjective

A

Referring to concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular persons perception and may be influenced by biases, prejudice, and personal experiences.

66
Q

Direct observation

A

Assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting.

67
Q

Rating scale

A

Assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale.

68
Q

Frequency count

A

Assessment in which the frequency of a particular behavior is counted.

69
Q

Personality inventory

A

Paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test.

AP Psychology (2 decks)

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