Chapter 8 - Mood Disorders

Question 0

Bipolar Disorder

Answer 0

Previously known as manic depression; a mood disorder characterized by the experience of both depression and mania.

Question 1

Manic Depression

Answer 1

Now known as bipolar disorder; a mood disorder characterized by the experience of both depression and mania.

Question 2

Unipolar Depression

Answer 2

The mood disorder characterized by the experience of depression without mania.

Question 3

Suicide

Answer 3

To kill oneself.

Question 4

Melancholia

Answer 4

Now known as depression; described by Ancient Greek writers in terms of despondency, dissatisfaction with life, problems sleeping, restlessness, irritability, difficulties in decision making, and a desire to die.

Question 5

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Answer 5

A mood disorder characterized by depressed mood in which one feels sad or empty without any sense of pleasure in one’s activities.

Question 6

Cortisol

Answer 6

A hormone which is released in response to stress.

Question 7

Intergenerational Transmission of Depression

Answer 7

The idea that depression in an individual is influenced by having one or more parents who are depressed.

Question 8

Cognitive Model of Depression

Answer 8

A model that suggests that individuals with depression display a bias in the way they search for information and process this information.

Question 9

Negative Cognitive Triad

Answer 9

The self, the personal world, and the future as they contribute to a negative schema.

Question 10

Macrophage Theory of Depression

Answer 10

The suggestion that cytokines malfunction may be involved in depression.

Question 11

Depression in Terms of Resource Conservation

Answer 11

Suggestion that depressive mood protects the organism by conserving energy; by reducing energy expenditure, the organism can both protect itself in the present situation and conserve energy that can be used in future productive situations.

Question 12

Depression in Terms of Social Competition

Answer 12

Suggestion that depression is seen in the context of hierarchies as an involuntary de-escalating strategy, which signals to the other individual that he has won.

Question 13

Depression in Terms of Attachment

Answer 13

Suggestion that depression is a protective mechanism that prevents further critical losses, as depressed mood reduces the desire of the individual to immediately enter a social relationship in which there could be an adverse outcome, and secondly, as the outward signs of depressed mood, including changes in voice tone, reaction time, eye contact, and facial expression, signal to other signs of submission and helplessness.

Question 14

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Answer 14

A treatment for depression in which electrical current is passed through the brain for a brief period.

Question 15

Suicidal Ideation

Answer 15

Thinking often about suicide

Question 16

Vagal Nerve Stimulation (VNS)

Answer 16

A treatment for depression in which an electrical stimulator is surgically implanted next to the vagus and then connected to a pulse generator in the person’s chest; like a pacemaker in the heart, the pulse generator can be programmed to deliver electrical pulses at desirable frequencies and currents.

Question 17

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Answer 17

A treatment for depression in which an electromagnetic coil is placed on the scalp; from the coil, a magnetic field induces a small electrical current in the first few centimeters of the brain, which depolarizes the neurons.