Chapter 8 Mitosis

Question 0

3 Reasons to make new cells

Answer 0

1- Repair damaged cells
2- grow new cells
3- regeneration (ex: gecko tail grows back)

Question 1

what is mitosis

Answer 1

division of somatic cells (non sex cells)

Question 2

describe Eukaryote cells

Answer 2

• have more DNA
• linear (not circle)
• in compact chromosomes (2+)

Question 4

2 types of cell division

Answer 4

Mitosis and Meiosis

Question 5

Mitosis

Answer 5

Cell division in somatic cells (non-reproductive cells)
also known as autosomes
Vast majority fall under this category

Question 6

Meiosis

Answer 6

Cell division in sexual reproductive cells

- Also known as germ cells= “early cells”

Question 8

Binary Fission

Answer 8

Cell division of prokaryotes
2 steps
1- Cell replicates
2-  Cell divides 
--pair is called daughter cell
--makes identical clones of each other

Question 9

4 Stages of Mitosis

Answer 9

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telephase

Question 10

Interphase

Answer 10

G1- growth stage (not really growing but a resting stage)
- most cells spend most of their life in this stage
S- DNA replication
G2- replication of organelles other important things in cell

Chromatin phase

Question 11

diploid

Answer 11

full set of chromosomes to be an actual functioning cell

- another word for somatic cells

Question 12

Prophase (4-steps)

Answer 12

1- DNA condensed into chromo. from loose chromatin condensed to tight coiled chromosomes
(2)sets of DNA
1 for old set pull apart to create 1 for new set
2- Centrioles go to opposite end of cells
3- Spindle fibers form
4- nuclear envelope disinegrates

Question 14

somatic cells

Answer 14

any cell except sex cells ( sperm or egg)

Question 15

Metaphase

Answer 15

1. chromosomes line up in central equator

2. spindle fibers connect to centromeres

Question 16

Anaphase

Answer 16

1. centromeres separate causing chromosomes to become chromotids

Question 17

Telophase

Answer 17

1. spindle fibers disintegrate
2. 2 nuclear envelopes form around each sister chromotids
3. chromosomes reform to chromatin (uncoiled)
4. cleavage furrow occurs (pinching off to make to cells)

Question 18

Cytokinesis

Answer 18

cell division actually occurs to break cell into 2 cells

Question 19

karyotype

Answer 19

an arrangement of chromosomes
- 46 chromosomes make up 23 pairs
of that
22 pairs are autosomes and 1 pair sex chromosomes

also a genetic test to check for abnormalities

Question 20

autosomes

Answer 20

any cell in body not sex chromosomes

Question 21

sex chromosomes (germ cells) 
half = haploid= gametes

Answer 21

1 pair of chromosomes is sex cell
females= XX
males= XY

Question 22

What are 3 checkpoints, when do they occur, and what do they check for? if it does not pass what happens? if it does pass what happens?
G1, G2, M

Answer 22

G1- occurs at end of G1(resting phase)

 - checks for damaged cells in DNA (carcinogens or mutagens that cause cancer)
 - if is does not pass:  cell will repair if possible or told to die
 - if it passes:  it will go to S-phase to replicate

Question 23

What are 3 checkpoints, when do they occur, and what do they check for? if it does not pass what happens? if it does pass what happens?
G2

Answer 23

G2- occurs at end of G2

 - checks for proper replication
 - if it does not pass it will repair 
 - if it passes it will trigger mitosis in M-phase

Question 24

What are 3 checkpoints, when do they occur, and what do they check for? if it does not pass what happens? if it does pass what happens?
M

Answer 24

M- checkpoint happens after mitosis in M-phase

- tells the cell to split to make 2 daughter cells
- cell dies if it doesn't pass
- cell will go to C- phase (cytokinesis) if passes