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Biology Test 2 - Ch 5-8 > Chapter 8 - Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

Ana

A

= up

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2
Q

Cata

A

= down

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3
Q

Endo

A

= within

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4
Q

Ex

A

= out

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5
Q

Kinet

A

= movement

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6
Q

Therm

A

= heat

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7
Q

Activation Energy

A

The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start.

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8
Q

Active Site

A

The specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds.

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9
Q

Anabolic Pathways

A

A metabolic pathway that synthesized a complex molecule from simpler compounds.

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10
Q

ATP(adenosine triphosphate)

A

An adenine-containing nucleotide triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed.

This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.

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11
Q

Catabolic Pathway

A

A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds.

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12
Q

Catalyst

A

A chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

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13
Q

Chemical Energy

A

Energy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules.

A form of potential energy.

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14
Q

Competitive Inhibitor

A

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.

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15
Q

Endergonic Reaction

A

A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings.

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16
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work.

To move matter against an opposing force.

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17
Q

Entropy

A

A quantitative measure of disorder or randomness.

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18
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changed the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

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19
Q

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

A

A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).

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20
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A

A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy.

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21
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

The principle of conservation of energy.

Energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed.

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22
Q

Free Energy

A

The portion of a systems energy that can perform work.

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23
Q

Heat

A

The total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter.

Heat is energy in its most random form.

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24
Q

Induced Fit

A

The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate.

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25
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

The energy of motion.

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26
Q

Metabolic Pathway

A

A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule(anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds(catabolic pathway).

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27
Q

Metabolism

A

The totality of an organisms chemical reactions consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways.

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28
Q

Non-competitive Inhibitor

A

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.

29
Q

Phosphorylated

A

Referring to a molecule that has been the recipient of a phosphate group.

30
Q

Potential Energy

A

The energy stored by matter as a result of its location of spatial arrangement.

31
Q

Second law of Thermodynamics

A

The principle whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

32
Q

Substrate

A

The reactant on which an enzyme works.

33
Q

Thermodynamics

A

The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.

34
Q

Chemical reactions(metabolism)

A

Countless happening at all time.

Combined they = metabolism.

35
Q

Reactant and Product Molecules

A

All chemical reactions involve breaking initial bonds between atoms and then forming new bonds between the same atoms in different arrangements

36
Q

Endergonic/Exergonic Reactions

A

Endergonic - chemical reaction absorbs energy

Exegonic - chemical reaction releases energy

Generally, endergonic reactions are non-spontaneous and part of anabolic pathways in which larger macromolecules are made from smaller molecules.

37
Q

Exergonic Reactions(metabolism)

A

Spontaneous and part of catabolic pathways in which larger molecules are broken into smaller ones.

38
Q

Free Energy(G)

A

A measure of how much energy is available to do work.

If a molecule has a high amount of free energy compared to another molecule, the one with the higher free energy has more potential energy stored in its bonds.

39
Q

Endergonic Reactions and Free Energy

A

Reactant molecules have LESS free energy than the products and therefore the change in free energy is POSITIVE(absorbed) from the beginning to end of the reactions.

40
Q

Exergonic Reactions and Free Energy

A

Reactant molecules have MORE free energy than the products and the change in free energy is NEGATIVE(released) from the beginning to end of the reaction.

41
Q

Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis(Metabolism)

A

Cell Respiration - a catabolic pathway.

Photosynthesis - an anabolic pathway.

42
Q

Two laws of Thermodynamics

A

First law(law of conservation of energy) - energy can not be created of destroyed. Just changes forms.

Second law - when energy changes forms the quality of energy decreases as entropy(the amount of disorder) increases. AKA nothing can be 100% efficient and heat is always a byproduct.

43
Q

ATP and endergonic reactions

A

Adenosine triphosphate.

Common molecule used by the cell to provide energy for endergonic reactions and evernts.

44
Q

ATP energy storage location

A

stored between the 3 phosphate groups which all have a negative charge so making them bond together takes a great deal of energy(think of a compressed spring).

45
Q

Amount of energy stored in ATP

A

Each ATP molecule has a relatively small amount of energy but will be sufficient for an individual energetic job of the cell.

46
Q

ATP and Phosphorylating

A

ATP powers cellular jobs by phosphorylating other molecules.

Phosphorylating means the terminal(last) phosphate ground is broken off from ATP by hydrolysis and that the free phosphate group temporarily bonds to another molecule.

ATP become ADP int he process.

47
Q

ADP relationship with ATP

A

After ATP phosphorylates ADP(adenosine diphosphate) is left waiting to be recycled back into ATP by adding a free inorganic phosphate group.

48
Q

Enzymes role

A

Catalytic proteins have all the properties of proteins but serve specifically as catalysts for chemical reactions without being used up in the reactions.

The atoms in an enzyme are not incorporated into the products of the reaction and the enzyme can be reused.

49
Q

Enzymes and activation energy

A

Allow reactions to occur easier because they lower the amount of activation energy needed for reactant molecules bonds to be broken.

50
Q

Enzyme name endings

A

typically end with “ase”

51
Q

Enzymes and substrate

A

A reactant in an enzymatically controlled reaction is called a substrate and each enzyme has a match with a particular substrate.

52
Q

Enzymes, substrates, and active site

A

Substrates bind specifically with the area on an enzyme called the active site.

Induced fit refers to a tight association when the proper substrate binds with the correct active site forming an Enzyme-substrate complex.

53
Q

Enzymes and Environmental Conditions

A

Enzymes work best in a narrow range of environmental conditions such as temperature or pH.

Too much variation will change the enzymes conformation and the active site will not bind well to the substrate reducing the enzymes activity.

54
Q

Enzymes and Saturation

A

When all active sites are bound to the substrate the reaction has reached saturation and the only way to overcome it is to add more enzyme.

55
Q

Enzymes and Competitive Inhibitors

A

Competitive Inhibitors are molecules that are NOT the proper substrate but bind to the active site of enzymes, thus blocking the real substrate and slowing down the reaction.

56
Q

Enzymes and Non-Competitive Inhibitors

A

Non-competitive inhibitors also slow down the reaction but bind to a different area of the enzyme(not the active site) but cause the active site to change so that the real substrate can not bind.

57
Q

Catabolic Pathways

A

Break down complex molecules into simpler ones.

Energy releasing process(exergonic) and reactions spontaneous.

Products in reaction have less(- as energy was emitted) free energy than reactants.

Cellular respiration is catabolic process that breaks down glucose to form small packets of ATP.

58
Q

Anabolic Pathways

A

Build up moles into complex structures.

Endergonic process(absorb energy.

Free energy of the products(+ as energy is absorbed) is more than the free energy of the reactants. NOT SPONTANEOUS reactions.

Photosynthesis is anabolic pathway that takes light energy and builds complex organic molecules such as glucose from inorganic carbon in the form of carbon dioxide.

59
Q

Kinetic VS Potential Energy

A

Kinetic energy = energy of motion(includes heat, thermal, and light energy)

Potential Energy = stored energy of matter based on its location or structure(chemical energy stored in chemical bonds).

60
Q

1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics

A

1st law - the amount of energy in the universe is constant. Can be transferred but never created or destroyed.

2nd law - Every energy transfer increases the entropy(measure of disorder) of the universe. Never 100% efficient transfer(gives off heat).

61
Q

ATP Structure

A

Adenosine Triphosphate.

1 adenine + 1 ribose + 3 phosphate groups.

Energy is stored within the bonds between the phosphate groups.

62
Q

How does ATP do cellular work

A

ATP powers cell by phosphorylating the molecules involved.

Phosphorylated molecules are energetically less stable causing the reaction to be exergonic.

63
Q

Function of Enzymes in biological systems

A

Enzymes are catalytic proteins which allow spontaneous reactions to occur with lower amounts of activation energy.

Allows reaction to happen quicker and easier than without an enzyme.

64
Q

Enzyme Structure determines enzyme specificity.

A

Lock(Active site) and Key(specific substrate) model.

Enzymes are proteins with complex 3D conformations. The part of enzyme that binds with the substrate is called the active site.

65
Q

Substrate Concentration and Enzyme-catalyzed reaction rate

A

More substrate = more products made.

However, once all active sites are occupied(saturated) by substrates the reaction speed can not increase unless more enzyme is added.

66
Q

Environmental Conditions and inhibitors affect on enzyme activity.

A

Enzymes are proteins = have optimal conditions and if large variation occurs in pH, salinity, or temperature the protein may lose its conformation and become ineffective.

Competitive and Non-Competitive Inhibitors reduced the enzymes ability of the enzyme to bond with the substrate and destroys effectiveness.

67
Q

Competitive Inhibitors(enzymes)

A

Molecules that can bond with an active site but are not the real substrate so they prevent products from being made.

68
Q

Non-Competitive Inhibitors(enzymes)

A

Molecules that bind with other areas than the active site but it changes the active sites shape so the real substrate can no longer bond and thus reduces amount of product being made.

Biology Test 2 - Ch 5-8 (5 decks)

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