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Biology Test 2 - Ch 5-8 > Chapter 7 - Membrane Structure and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Membrane Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

Amphi

A

= Dual

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2
Q

Co

A

= together

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3
Q

Trans

A

= across

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4
Q

Electro

A

= electricity

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5
Q

Genic

A

= producing

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6
Q

Endo

A

= inner

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7
Q

Cyto

A

= cell

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8
Q

Exo

A

= outer

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9
Q

Hyper

A

= exceeding

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10
Q

Tonus

A

= tension

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11
Q

Hypo

A

= lower

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12
Q

Iso

A

= same

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13
Q

Phago

A

= eat

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14
Q

Pino

A

= drink

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15
Q

Active Transport

A

The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration or electrical gradient with the help of energy input and specific transport proteins.

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16
Q

Amphipathis Molecule

A

A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.

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17
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

An increase or decrease in the density of a chemical substance in an area.

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18
Q

Diffusion

A

The spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated to a less concentrated area.

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19
Q

Endocytosis

A

The cellular uptake of macromolecules and particulate substances by localized regions of the plasma membrane that surround the substance and pinch off to form an intracellular vesicle.

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20
Q

Exocytosis

A

The cellular secretion of macromolecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane.

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21
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

The spontaneous passage of molecules and ions, bound to specific carrier proteins, across a biological membrane down their concentration gradient.

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22
Q

Flaccid

A

Limp.

A walled cell is flaccid in surroundings where there is no tendency for water to enter.

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23
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.

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24
Q

Glycolipid

A

A lipid covalently attached to a carbohydrate.

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25
Q

Glycoprotein

A

A protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate.

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26
Q

Hypertonic

A

In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a greater solute concentration.

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27
Q

Hypotonic

A

In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a lower solute concentration.

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28
Q

Integral Protein

A

Typically a transmembrane protein with hydrophobic regions that completely spans the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.

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29
Q

Ion Channel

A

Protein channel in a cell membrane that allows passage of a specific ion down its concentration gradient.

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30
Q

Isotonic

A

Having the same solute concentration as another solution.

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31
Q

Ligand

A

A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.

32
Q

Membrane Potential

A

The charge difference between a cells cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid, due to the differential distribution of ions.

33
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

34
Q

Passive Transport

A

The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane.

35
Q

Peripheral Protein

A

A protein appendage loosely bound to the surface of a membrane and not embedded in the lipid bilayer.

36
Q

Phagocytosis

A

A type of endocytosis involving large, particulate substanced.

37
Q

Pinocytosis

A

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

38
Q

Plasmolysis

A

A phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment.

39
Q

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

A

The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in.

40
Q

Selective Permeability

A

A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.

41
Q

Sodium-potassium Pump

A

A special transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that transports sodium OUT of the cell and potassium INTO the cell against their concentration gradients.

42
Q

Tonicity

A

The ability of a solution to cause a cell within it to gain or lose water.

43
Q

Transport Protein

A

A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane.

44
Q

Turgid

A

Very firm.

A walled cell become turgid if it has a greater solute concentration than its surroundings, resulting in entry of water.

45
Q

Selective Permeable Barrier

A

Plasma/cell membrane is selectively permeable barrier surrounding all cell types.

46
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model(structure)

A

phospholipid bi-layer as the fluid part.

Embedded proteins as the mosaic part.

47
Q

Fluidity of Membrane

A

Necessary for proper function and can be altered by more or less unsaturated fats in the fatty acid tails of the phospholipid bilayer or by embedding cholesterol molecules in animal cell membranes.

  • unsaturated fatty acids = more fluid
  • saturated fatty acids = more viscous(slower moving)
48
Q

Amphipathic - Phospholipid

A

Hydrophobic fatty acid tails.

Hydrophilic phosphate heads.

49
Q

Membrane Proteins

A
  • Transmembrane(integral) = span whole phospholipid bilayer.

- Peripheral = only on outside of membrane(also entirely hydrophilic)

50
Q

Membrane Carbohydrates

A
  • short polysaccharides attached to the outside of the cell membrane to lipids(forming glycolipids) or proteins(forming glycoproteins)
    - serve as ID tags for different types of cells
51
Q

Two Passive Transport Methods

A
  1. Simple diffusion - no help needed to cross membrane(small, non-polar molecules)
  2. Facilitated diffusion - need help crossing(polar molecules, ionic)
    • membrane proteins create hydrophilic tunnels
    • carrier proteins move hydrophilic molecules across
    • ion channels for ions
52
Q

Osmosis(facilitated diffusion)

A

Movement of water across a selective membrane.

- tonicity determines if a cell will gain or lose water due to osmosis

53
Q

Osmosis(Isotonic Environment)

A

Solute and water concentration equal outside and inside cell

= no net movement of water

54
Q

Osmosis(Hypertonic Environment)

A

Solute concentration higher and water concentration lower outside compared to inside cell
= Water will move OUT of cell.

55
Q

Osmosis(Hypotonic Environment)

A

Solute concentration lower and water concentration higher outside compared to inside cell
= Water will move INTO cell

56
Q

Osmosis(no cell wall) Animal, protist

A
  • isotonic = no net gain or loss of water, normal
  • Hypertonic = Cell loses water, Crenates
  • Hypotonic = Cell gains water, Undergoes lysis(lyses) since there is no mechanism to handle influx of water
57
Q

Osmosis with Cell wall(Plant)

A
  • isotonic = no net gain or loss of water, Flaccid
  • Hypertonic = Cell loses water, Plasmolyses(undergoes plasmolysis)
  • Hypotonic = cell gains water, normal(turgid) since cell wall and central vacuole capture water and can withstand pressure.
58
Q

Active Transport Method

A

Requirement payment of ATP to keep concentration gradient

 - Sodium potassium pump keeps Na+ outside and K+ inside.  
 - No ATP = ions would reach equilibrium and no power
59
Q

Movement of Large Molecules

A

Exocytosis - release of molecules by vesicles fusing with cell membrane(things go OUT)

Endocytosis(things come IN)

 - Phagocytosis - cellular eating, solid food materials in
 - Pinocyosis - non-specific engulfing of dissolved solutes in fluid from extracellular area
 - Reseptor Mediated Endocytosis(molecules bound to receptors) - creates coated pits and subsequent coated vesicles of captured ligands.
60
Q

Phospholips are Amphipathic

A
  • hydrophobic tail(hydrocarbon chain) and hydrophilic head(Phosphate group) creates a bilayer(membrane).
61
Q

Component of a cell membrane

A

Fluid Mosaic Model(membrane)

  • Fluid = phospholipids that can move laterally
  • Mosaic = proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer.
62
Q

Membrane Fluidity(temperature and composition)

A

Colder = phospholipid bilayer is less fluid(viscious)

Hydrocarbon tails unsaturated = more fluid at lower temperatures.

Cholesterol molecules in membrane will keep the membrane more fluid too.

Less fluid membrane can = bad(tropical plants die in cold)

63
Q

Peripheral VS Integral proteins

A

Peripheral proteins - composed of only hydrophilic regions and are only present outside or inside the membrane.

Integral proteins - amphipathic and extend through the cell membrane.

64
Q

Membrane Carbohydrates and cell recognition

A

Short carbohydrate chains are attached to proteins outside the cell membrane. Different cell types/individual cells have unique populations of the carbohydrates.

ID Tag for cell.

65
Q

Diffusion(passive transport)

A

Passive movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration.

66
Q

Osmosis(passive transport)

A

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Osmosis is ONLY a water thing.

67
Q

Facilitated Diffusion(passive transport)

A

Passive movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration but requires the help of transport proteins to provide a path for polar or charged molecules to move across the hydrophobic core of the cell membrane.

68
Q

Active Transport

A

Movement of molecules from areas of low to high concentration requiring the use of cellular energy in the form of ATP.

ATP payment required.

69
Q

Phagocytosis(active transport)

A

Cellular “eating”.

The engulfing of large food particles by the rearrangement of the cell membrane around the particles which bring them inside making food vesicles.

70
Q

Pinocytosis(active transport)

A

Cellular “drinking”.

The engulfind of extracellular fluid which brings it inside the cell.

71
Q

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis(active transport)

A

More specific form of pinocytosis in which specific receptors on the outside of the cell membrane bind with extracellular ligands to bring them inside the cell.

72
Q

Passive VS Active Transport

A

passive - molecules move from areas of high to low concentration and require no energy input.

Active - molecules move from areas of low to high concentration and require a payment of energy in the form of ATP.

73
Q

Hyper,Hypo, and Iso Tonic

A

Always a relative comparison.

Hypertonic Solution have higher concentration of SOLUTES(not water) compared to a Hypertonic solution.

Isotonic solutions have equal concentration of solutes to each other.

74
Q

Water movement based on differences in solute concentration

A

Always moves down its concentration gradient(high to low).

Hypotonic solution has more water than solute compared to hypertonic solution.

Water moves FROM Hypotonic solution INTO Hypertonic solution.

75
Q

Animal Cell and solute concentrations

A

Isotonic Solution - “Normal” with equal water exchange across membrane

Hypotonic Solution - Water moves into cell = cell burst(lyses).

Hypertonic Solution - Water move out of cell = cell shrivels(crenates).

76
Q

Plant Cell and solute concentrations

A

Isotonic Solution - “Flaccid” with equal water exchange

Hypotonic Solution - “Turgid” and “Normal” with higher pressure inside the cell(plant stays upright)

Hypertonic Solution - Water leaves the cell, causing it to shrivel(Plasmolysis).

Biology Test 2 - Ch 5-8 (5 decks)

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