Chapter 8: Memory - Modules 24/25/26 Flashcards
the persistance of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
memory
retrieving informtion learned earlier
ex. fill in the blanks test
recall
indentifying information learned earlier
ex. multiple choice test
recognition
learning material again, for the second time
relearning
helps us to thiink about how our brain forms and retrieves memories
memory model
getting info to memory system by extracting meaning
encode
retaining encoded information over time
store
getting info out of memory storage
retrieval
processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously
parallel processing
views memories as products of interconnected neural netoworks
connectionism
immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in memory system
sensory memory
briefly activated memory of a few items (ie. phone numbers while calling) that is later stored or forgotten
short-term memory
relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system, includes knowledge, skills and experiences
long-term memory
conscious, active processing of both (1) incoming sensory information and (2) information retrieved from long-term memory (short and long term memories combine)
working memory
retention of facts and experiences we can consciously know and declare
explicit (declarative) memories
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
effortful processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency, and of familiar or well-learned information, such as sounds, smells, and word meanings
ex. if you were attacked by a dog while ago, you’ll tense up when in contact with a dog in the future
automatic processing
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations indepedant of conscious recollections
ex. how to ride a bike
implicit (nondeclarative memories)
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimulil a photographic or picutre-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
iconic memory
a momentary sensory meory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled in 3 or 4 seconds
echoic memory
organizing items into familliar manageable units; often occurs automatically
chunking
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
mnemonics
tendency for distributed practice/study to yield better, long-term retention that is achieved through mass study/practice
spacing effect
enhanced memory after retirieving, rather than simply rereading information, also referred to as the retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning
testing effect
encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words
shallow processing
encoding semantically, based on the meanings of words; tends to yield the best retention
deep processing
by waving warning signs at us, memory protects us from future dangers
adaptive sense
“memoryless memory”
an implicit, invisible memory without your conscious awareness, it predisposes interpretation
priming
“the friend of learning”
forgetting
much of what we sense, we never notice
what we never encode we will never remember
encoding failure
gradual fading of the physical memory trace
storage decay
explains why we may have large holed in our memory of a list of recent events
serial position effect
when what we learn in one state may be more easily recalled when again in that state
state-dependent memory
putting oneself back in the context where they first experienced that thing, helps with memory retrieval
context-dependent memory
using a web of associations to retrieve memories, best cues come from associations when we made the memory - smells, tastes, sights
retrieval cues
“tip of the tongue” forgetting, stem from interferance and motivated forgetting
retrieval failure
prior learning disrupts recall of new information
forward-acting interference
new learning disrupts recall of old information
backward-acting interference
prior learning facilitates new learning
positive transfer
trauma helps repress memories, trauma releases stress hormones causing survivors of trauma to attend to and remember the threat
motivated forgetting
misinformation effect influences later attitudes towards that thing, repeadetly imagining nonexistent actions and events will create false memories
misinformation and imagination effects
having high confidence in false memories, occurs several days after exposure when they reported richer details of their false memory
ex. hot air balloon scenario on pgs 895/896
imagination inflation
helps to explain deja vu, the frailest part of a memory is its source
source amnesia
thinking an idea came from your own imagination, when it is unintentionally plagarizing something read/heard earlier
as in the case of many songs
misattribution
unreal memories feel like real memories, false memories retain false associations
discerning true and false memories
the best way to learn (according to dr vettor)
learn for recall
Space it. Rehearse it. Personalize it.
