Chapter 8: Memory - Modules 24/25/26

Question 1

the persistance of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Answer 1

memory

Question 2

retrieving informtion learned earlier
ex. fill in the blanks test

Answer 2

recall

Question 3

indentifying information learned earlier
ex. multiple choice test

Answer 3

recognition

Question 4

learning material again, for the second time

Answer 4

relearning

Question 5

helps us to thiink about how our brain forms and retrieves memories

Answer 5

memory model

Question 6

getting info to memory system by extracting meaning

Answer 6

encode

Question 7

retaining encoded information over time

Answer 7

store

Question 8

getting info out of memory storage

Answer 8

retrieval

Question 9

processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously

Answer 9

parallel processing

Question 10

views memories as products of interconnected neural netoworks

Answer 10

connectionism

Question 11

immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in memory system

Answer 11

sensory memory

Question 12

briefly activated memory of a few items (ie. phone numbers while calling) that is later stored or forgotten

Answer 12

short-term memory

Question 13

relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system, includes knowledge, skills and experiences

Answer 13

long-term memory

Question 14

conscious, active processing of both (1) incoming sensory information and (2) information retrieved from long-term memory (short and long term memories combine)

Answer 14

working memory

Question 15

retention of facts and experiences we can consciously know and declare

Answer 15

explicit (declarative) memories

Question 16

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Answer 16

effortful processing

Question 17

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency, and of familiar or well-learned information, such as sounds, smells, and word meanings
ex. if you were attacked by a dog while ago, you’ll tense up when in contact with a dog in the future

Answer 17

automatic processing

Question 18

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations indepedant of conscious recollections
ex. how to ride a bike

Answer 18

implicit (nondeclarative memories)

Question 19

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimulil a photographic or picutre-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Answer 19

iconic memory

Question 20

a momentary sensory meory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled in 3 or 4 seconds

Answer 20

echoic memory

Question 21

organizing items into familliar manageable units; often occurs automatically

Answer 21

chunking

Question 22

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Answer 22

mnemonics

Question 23

tendency for distributed practice/study to yield better, long-term retention that is achieved through mass study/practice

Answer 23

spacing effect

Question 24

enhanced memory after retirieving, rather than simply rereading information, also referred to as the retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning

Answer 24

testing effect

Question 25

encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words

Answer 25

shallow processing

Question 26

encoding semantically, based on the meanings of words; tends to yield the best retention

Answer 26

deep processing

Question 27

by waving warning signs at us, memory protects us from future dangers

Answer 27

adaptive sense

Question 28

“memoryless memory”
an implicit, invisible memory without your conscious awareness, it predisposes interpretation

Answer 28

priming

Question 29

“the friend of learning”

Answer 29

forgetting

Question 30

much of what we sense, we never notice
what we never encode we will never remember

Answer 30

encoding failure

Question 31

gradual fading of the physical memory trace

Answer 31

storage decay

Question 32

explains why we may have large holed in our memory of a list of recent events

Answer 32

serial position effect

Question 33

when what we learn in one state may be more easily recalled when again in that state

Answer 33

state-dependent memory

Question 34

putting oneself back in the context where they first experienced that thing, helps with memory retrieval

Answer 34

context-dependent memory

Question 35

using a web of associations to retrieve memories, best cues come from associations when we made the memory - smells, tastes, sights

Answer 35

retrieval cues

Question 36

“tip of the tongue” forgetting, stem from interferance and motivated forgetting

Answer 36

retrieval failure

Question 37

prior learning disrupts recall of new information

Answer 37

forward-acting interference

Question 38

new learning disrupts recall of old information

Answer 38

backward-acting interference

Question 39

prior learning facilitates new learning

Answer 39

positive transfer

Question 40

trauma helps repress memories, trauma releases stress hormones causing survivors of trauma to attend to and remember the threat

Answer 40

motivated forgetting

Question 41

misinformation effect influences later attitudes towards that thing, repeadetly imagining nonexistent actions and events will create false memories

Answer 41

misinformation and imagination effects

Question 42

having high confidence in false memories, occurs several days after exposure when they reported richer details of their false memory
ex. hot air balloon scenario on pgs 895/896

Answer 42

imagination inflation

Question 43

helps to explain deja vu, the frailest part of a memory is its source

Answer 43

source amnesia

Question 44

thinking an idea came from your own imagination, when it is unintentionally plagarizing something read/heard earlier
as in the case of many songs

Answer 44

misattribution

Question 45

unreal memories feel like real memories, false memories retain false associations

Answer 45

discerning true and false memories

Question 46

the best way to learn (according to dr vettor)

Answer 46

learn for recall
Space it. Rehearse it. Personalize it.