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Psychology - Term Test 2 > Chapter 5: Developing through the Life Span - Modules 14/15/16/17 > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Developing through the Life Span - Modules 14/15/16/17 Flashcards

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1
Q

studies physical, cognitive, and social development throughout the lifespan

A

developmental psychology

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2
Q

comparing people of different ages at the same time

A

cross-sectional studies

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3
Q

follows and retests same people over time

A

longitudinal studies

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4
Q

a major issue exploring how genetics interacts with our experiences to influence out development

A

Nature and Nurture

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5
Q

a major issue exploring what parts of our development are gradual and what parts of our development change abruptly in separate stages

A

Continuity and Stages

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6
Q

a major issue which explores which of our traits persistant through life and how we change with age

A

Stability and Change

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7
Q

explore the doubt on the idea that life proceeds through neatly defined age-linked stages

A

stage theory

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8
Q

recognizes that we have changed but expect we will change little in the future

A

end of history illusion

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9
Q

sperm meets egg, creates a cell
starts in your grandmother

A

conception

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10
Q

the fertilized egg enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and becomes an embryo
fewer than half the original zygotes survive after 2 weeks

A

prenatal development

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11
Q

the fertilized egg that becomes an embryo

A

zygote

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12
Q

the developing human organism for about 2 weeks after fertilization through to the 2 month

A

embryo

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13
Q

the life-link that transfers nutrients and oxygen from mom to embryo

A

placenta

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14
Q

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

A

fetus

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15
Q

agents, such as chemicals or viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

A

teratogens

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16
Q

physical and cognitive function deficits in children caused by their mothers heavy drinking during pregnancy, in severe cases symptoms include a small, out of proportion head and distinct facial features

A

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

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17
Q

leaves chemical marks on DNA that switch genes abnormally on or off
can leave scars that may increase vulnerability to stress or addictions

A

epigenetic effect

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18
Q

refers to automatic reflexes
include reflexes such as sucking and grasping

A

concept of how babies can tell you a lot
“Babies come with apps preloaded”

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19
Q

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

A

habituation

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20
Q

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behaviour, relatively uninfluenced by experience

A

maturation

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21
Q

in brain developent:
from 3 - 6 y/o most brain growth was in the ________
association areas such as thinking memory and language were the ____ cortical areas to develop

A
  1. frontal lobe
  2. last
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22
Q

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating

A

cognition

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23
Q

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information (our understanding)

A

schema

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24
Q

how do we use and adjust our schemas? (2 steps)

A
  1. we assimilate new experiences
  2. we adjust or accommodate our schemas to incorporate new experiences
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25
Q

interpreting new experiences according to existing schemas

A

assimilation

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26
Q

adopting our current schemas to incorporate new experiences

A

accomodation

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27
Q

from birth to age 2
the stage where babies take in the world through their senses and actions

A

sensorimotor stage

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28
Q

the awareness that things continue to exist,, even when not perceived
example of cloth on a toy
young infants lack this

A

object permanence

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29
Q

until about age 6 or 7
child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic such as imagining an action and mentally reversing it
ex. 2 +2 = 4
4 - 2 = 2

A

preoperational stage

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30
Q

what are the two aspects of the preoperational stage?
(what can we see children do)

A

involve in pretend play and egocentrism

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31
Q

in Piagets theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another persons point of view

A

egocentrism

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32
Q

assuming what was in your head was also in someone elses

A

curse of knowledge

33
Q

from 7 to 11 years of age
children gain the mental operations enabling them to think logically about concrete events

A

concrete operational stage

34
Q

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remains the same despite changes in the form of objects
children before age 6 lack this concept

A

conservation

35
Q

by age 12 we encompass objective thinking
can hypothesize “if this, then that”
when people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

A

formal operational stage
aka systematic reasoning

36
Q

focused on the relationship between the childs mind and their social environment

A

Lev Vygotsky

37
Q

a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

A

scaffold

38
Q

peoples ideas about their own and others mental states – about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the bahaviours they might predict
infants as young as 7 months display this capability
ex. bandaid box (pg 550)

A

theory of mind

39
Q

the fear of strangers evident after 8 months

A

stranger anxiety

40
Q

an emotional tie with others
shown in young children by their seeking closeness to caregivers and showing distress on separation

A

attachment

41
Q

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces typical development

A

central period

42
Q

the process by which certain animals form string attachments during early life

A

imprinting
(Jacob from Twilight)

43
Q

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

A

basic trust

44
Q

people crave acceptance but remain vigilant to signs of possible rejection

A

anxious attachment

45
Q

people experience discomfort getting close to others and use avoidant strategies to maintain distance from others

A

avoidant attachment

46
Q

all our thoughts an feelings about ourselves, answers the question of “Who am I?”

A

self-concept

47
Q

described as a combination of two traits, how responsive and how demanding parents are
there are 4 styles

A

parenting styles

48
Q

coercive
impose rules and expect obedience

A

Authoritarian

49
Q

unrestraining
make few demands, set few limits, use little punishment

A

Permissive

50
Q

uninvolved
neither demanding nor responsive, careless, inattentive, do not seek a close relationship with their children

A

Neglectful

51
Q

confrontive
both demanding and responsive, set rules, when kids are older, encourage discussion and allow expectations

A

Authoritative

52
Q

seeing development as lifelong

A

developmental lifespan perspective

53
Q

the transition period from childhood to young adulthood extending from puberty to independence
can happen anywhere from age 10 to 19

A

adolescence

54
Q

the period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
follows a surge of hormones that intensify moods and trigger bodily changes

A

puberty

55
Q

the first menstrual period

A

menarche

56
Q

occurs in adolescence, the neurons and connections that we don’t use, we lose

A

selective pruning

57
Q

believing that they are unique and special and what happens to “most people” would never happen to them

A

personal fable

58
Q

the intellectual summit of adolescents, apply their new abstract reasoning tools to the world around them

A

formal operations

59
Q

the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong

A

moral reasoning

60
Q

the first level of moral thinking:
- before age 9
- focus on self interest
- obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

A

preconventional morality

61
Q

the second level of moral thinking:
- early adolescence
- uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

A

conventional morality

62
Q

the third level of moral thinking:
- adolescence and beyond
- actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles

A

postconventional morality

63
Q

prioritize personal goals

A

individualist societies

64
Q

place more value on social/group goals

A

collectivity societies

65
Q

“quick gut feelings”
the mind makes moral judgements quickly and automatically, relying largely on feelings, feelings of disgust or elation trigger moral reasoning, Jonathan Haidt

A

moral intuitions

66
Q

to live with one eye on the future

A

delay gratification

67
Q

our sense of self

A

identityt

68
Q

the “we” aspect of our celf-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships

A

social identity

69
Q

in Erkisons theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood

A

intimacy

70
Q

a period from about 18 to the mid twenties, when many Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

A

emerging adulthood

71
Q

what are the three stages of adulthood?

A
  1. early adulthood: rough twenties and thirties
  2. middle adulthood: to age 65
  3. late adulthood: after 65
72
Q

the time of natural cessation of menstruation, also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

A

menopause

73
Q

acquired disorders marked by cognitive deficits, often related to Alzheimers disease, brain injury or disease or substance abuse
aka dementia

A

neurocognitive disorder (NCD)

74
Q

a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often onsets after age 80 and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities
first goes the memory then the reasoning
a body being stripped of its humanity

A

Alzheimer’s disease

75
Q

a crisis, realizing that life will soon be mostly behind you rather than mostly ahead of you

A

midlife transition

76
Q

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood and retirement
the so-called “right time”

A

serial clockd

77
Q

deflects us down one road rather than another

A

chance events

78
Q

what are the two aspects that dominate adulthood?

A

Intimacy - forming close relationships

Generativity - being productive and supporting future generations

79
Q

a feeling that one’s life has been meaningful and worthwhile

A

sense of integrity

Psychology - Term Test 2 (3 decks)

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