Chapter 8 - Memory Flashcards
What is memory?
Memory is evidence that learning has persisted over time
What are self-defining memories?
A memory most meaningul to you: contains emotional intensity vividness, repetition, connects and links to your identity
ex. ms. ercoli’s grandmother passing away = compassion, empathy
What is the sequential process of information processing?
- Encoding
- Storage
- Retrieval
Define the Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage model of learning
Includes:
- sensory memory
- short-term memory (20 seconds)
- long-term memory
Define automatic processing
Encoding
space - ex. remember info on the page
time - ex. retrace your steps if you forgot your coat
frequency - ex. how many times things happen
language - ex. words
Define effortful processing
Encoding
When info requires your effort and attention to take in
ex. remember names, subject content
Define rehearsal
Encoding
Effortful learning usually requires rehearsal or conscious repetition
Who studied rehearsal?
Ebbinghaus
Define spacing effect
Encoding
We retain info better when we rehearse over time
Define serial position effect
Encoding
When your recall for first is best and last items are remembered better on a list, but poor for middle items
Define self-reference effect
Encoding
Remember words/events that were about ourselves better
Define rosy retrospection
Encoding
Remembering positive words/events over the negative
What are ways of encoding using Effortful Processing?
Encoding
- Semantic encoding - processing the meaning of verbal information by associating it with what we already know or imagine (ex. putting things into your own words)
- Visual-mental/photo images
- Acoustic (sound) encoding - creating a song or info to music
Define chunking
Encoding
The processing of info into groupings
ex. ROY G BIV
Define mnemonics
Encoding
Use vivid imagery or acoustic coding and organizational devices in aiding memory
ex. DKPCOFGS
Encoding in a hierarchy?
Encoding
Encoding (automatic or effortful)
Meaning, Imagery, Organization
Chunks, Hierarchies
What are the three stores of memory?
Storage
Sensory memory, working memory, long-term memory
Define implicit memory
Storage - long term memory
Information that is automatically processed (cerebellum)
Define explicit memory
Storage - long term memory
New information that requires attention and effort (hippocampus)
What is the cerebellum?
Storage
A neural center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories
What is the hippocampus?
Storage
A neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit, stored memories
What does the hippocampus store?
Storage
Facts - general knowledge
Personally experienced events
What does the cerebellum store?
Storage
Skills - motor and cognitive
Classical and operant conditioning
What is the story of Clive Wearing?
Storage
no explicit memory, has implicit memory
