Chapter 8: Memory

Question 1

The persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval information.

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Answer 2

Recall

Question 3

A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

Answer 3

Recognition

Question 4

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning materials again.

Answer 4

Relearning

Question 5

The process of getting information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

Answer 5

Encoding

Question 6

The process of retaining encoded information over time.

Answer 6

Storage

Question 7

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

Answer 7

Retrieval

Question 8

Processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously.

Answer 8

Parallel Processing

Question 9

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Answer 9

Sensory Memory

Question 10

Briefly activated memory of a few items that is later stored or forgotten.

Answer 10

Short-term Memory

Question 11

The relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system, includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Answer 11

Long-term Memory

Question 12

A newer understanding of short-term memory; conscious, active processing of both incoming sensory information, and information retrieved from long-term memory.

Answer 12

Working Memory

Question 13

Retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and “declare”.

Answer 13

Explicit Memory

Question 14

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Answer 14

Effortful Processing

Question 15

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of familiar or well-learned information, such as sounds, smells, and word meanings.

Answer 15

Unconscious Processing

Question 16

Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection.

Answer 16

Implicit Memory

Question 17

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

Answer 17

Iconic Memory

Question 18

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

Answer 18

Echoic Memory

Question 19

Organising items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

Answer 19

Chunking

Question 20

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Answer 20

Mnemonics

Question 21

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through mass study or practice.

Answer 21

Spacing Effect

Question 22

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information.

Answer 22

Testing Effect

Question 23

Encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words.

Answer 23

Shallow Processing

Question 24

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.

Answer 24

Deep Processing

Question 25

Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems.

Answer 25

Semantic Memory

Question 26

Explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems.

Answer 26

Episodic Memory

Question 27

A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit (conscious) memories—of facts and events—for storage.

Answer 27

Hippocampus

Question 28

The neural storage of long-term memory.

Answer 28

Memory Consolidation

Question 29

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or events.

Answer 29

Flashbulb Memory

Question 30

An increase in a nerve cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory.

Answer 30

Long-term Potentiation

Question 31

The activation, often unconscious, of particular associations of memory.

Answer 31

Priming

Question 32

The idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it.

Answer 32

Encoding Specificity Principle

Question 33

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood.

Answer 33

Mood-congruent Memory

Question 34

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

Answer 34

Serial Position Effect

Question 35

An inability to form new memories.

Answer 35

Anterograde Amnesia

Question 36

An inability to remember information from one’s past.

Answer 36

Retrograde Amnesia

Question 37

The forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information.

Answer 37

Proactive Interference

Question 38

The backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information.

Answer 38

Retroactive Interference

Question 39

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Answer 39

Repression

Question 40

A process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again.

Answer 40

Reconsolidation

Question 41

Occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information.

Answer 41

Misinformation Effect

Question 42

Faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined. Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.

Answer 42

Source Amnesia

Question 43

That eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before”. Cues from a current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

Answer 43

Deja Vu