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Psych 100 > Chapter 4: Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

the study of relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences of behavior

A

behavior genetics

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2
Q

the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring

A

heredity

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3
Q

every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

A

environment

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4
Q

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

A

chromosomes

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5
Q

a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

A

DNA

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6
Q

the biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes; small segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins

A

genes

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7
Q

the complete instructions for making and organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes

A

genome

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8
Q

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

A

temperament

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9
Q

the proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied

A

heritability

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10
Q

the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heritability)

A

interaction

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11
Q

the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes

A

molecular genetics

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12
Q

the study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior

A

molecular behavior genetics

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13
Q

the study of the molecular mechanisms by which environments can influence gene expressions (without a DNA change)

A

epigenetics

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14
Q

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

A

evolutionary psychology

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15
Q

the principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will most likely be passed on to succeeding generation

A

natural selection

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16
Q

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

A

mutation

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17
Q

a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

A

social script

18
Q

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

A

culture

19
Q

and understood rule for accepted and expected behavior: prescribe “proper” behavior

A

norm

20
Q

giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

A

individualism

21
Q

giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly

A

collectivism

22
Q

in psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male, female, and intersex

A

sex

23
Q

in psychology, the behavioral characteristics that people associate with boy, girl, man, and woman

A

gender

24
Q

possessing male and female biological sexual characteristics

A

intersex

25
Q

an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing

A

relational aggression

26
Q

the most important male sex hormone. males and females have it, but the additional _______ in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period, and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

A

testosterone

27
Q

sex hormones such as estradiol that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males

A

estrogens

28
Q

the period of sexual maturation, when a person becomes capable of reproducing

A

puberty

29
Q

the bodily structures that make reproduction possible (ovaries, testes, and external genetalia)

A

primary sex characteristics

30
Q

nonreproductive sexual traits (breasts, hips, voice etc.)

A

secondary sex characteristics

31
Q

the first ejaculation

A

spermarche

32
Q

the first menstrual period

A

menarche

33
Q

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

A

role

34
Q

a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for men and for women

A

gender role

35
Q

any physical or verbal behavior of a sexual nature that is unwanted or in intended to harm someone; can be expressed as either sexual harassment or sexual assault

A

sexual aggression

36
Q

our sense of being male, female, neither, or a combination of both

A

gender identity

37
Q

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitation and by being rewarded or punished

A

social learning theory

38
Q

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

A

gender typing

39
Q

displaying both traditionally masculine and traditionally feminine psychological traits

A

androgyny

40
Q

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth-assigned sex

A

transgender

Psych 100 (6 decks)

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