Chapter 8 Lower Limb Flashcards
How many bones in the Axial and Appendicular Skeleton?
80 - axial
126 - appendicular
206 - total
Skeleton of the Lower LImb
Consists of two separate regions
- A single pelvic girdle (2 bones)
- The free part (30 bones)
Skeleton of Free Lower Limb (Femur)
- Head
- Fovea capitis
- Greater and Lesser trochanters
- Intertrochanteric crest
- Gluteal tuberosity
- Medial and Lateral condyles
- Medial and lateral epicondyles
- Intercondylar fossa
USE WILEYPLUS TO STUDY DIAGRAM
Patella Surface Features
- Base (top)
- Articular facets
- Forms the patellofemoral
Wileyplus for labelling
Tibia Surface Features
- Lateral and medial condyles
- Tibial tuberosity
- Medial malleolus
- Distal tibiofibular joint
Wileyplus for labelling
Fibula Surface Featurs
- Proximal tibiofibular joint
- Lateral malleolus
Wileyplus for labelling
Foot Bone 3 Categories
- Tarsus (7)
- Metatarsals (5)
- Phalanges (14)
Foot Bones Details
- 7 tarsal bones
- Talus articulates with tibia and fibula
- Calcaneus: the largest and strongest heel bone
- Other bones are navicular, cuboid, and 3 cuneiforms
- 5 metatarsals (I-V): base, shaft, head
- 14 phalanges
- Big toe is hallux
- Tarsus = ankle
Mnemonic for Tarsals
Tall Centres Never Take Shots From Corners
Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Third Cuneiform, Second Cuneiform, First Cuneiform, Cuboid
Arches of the Foot (Names)
3 arches, 2 support the weight of the body
- Medial longitudinal arch: extends from the heel to the big toe
- Lateral longitudinal arch: lower than medial LA
- Transverse arch: runs perpendicular to the LA’s.
Arches of the Foot (Functions)
- Provide spring and leverage to the foot when walking
- The arches flex when the body weight is applied
- Flatfoot: when the arches decrease or “fall”
- Clawfoot: too much arch occurs due to various pathologies.
Thigh Muscles that Move the Knee Joint / Leg
- Anterior Extensor Muscles (Quadriceps Femoris group)
- Posterior Flexor Muscles
(Hamstrings Femoris group) - Medial Femoris Muscles
(Gracilis)
Rectus Femoris
Anterior Extensor Muscles (Quadriceps Femoris group)
O: Anterior inferior iliac spine
I: Tibial Tuberosity
F: Extends leg at knee joint and flexes thigh at hip
Vastus Lateralis
Anterior Extensor Muscles (Quadriceps Femoris group)
O: Greater trochanter and line aspera of the femur
I: Tibial Tuberosity
F: Extends leg at knee joint and flexes thigh at hip
Vastus Medialis
Anterior Extensor Muscles (Quadriceps Femoris group)
O: Linea aspera of femur
I: Tibial Tuberosity
F: Extends leg at knee joint and flexes thigh at hip
Vastus Intermedius
Anterior Extensor Muscles (Quadriceps Femoris group)
O: Anterior and lateral surface of the body of the femur
I: Tibial Tuberosity
F: Extends leg at knee joint and flexes thigh at hip
Biceps Femoris
Posterior Flexor Muscles
(Hamstrings Femoris group)
O: Long head from ischial tuberosity and short head from line aspera of the femur
I: Head and lateral condyle of fibula
F: Flexes the leg at the knee joint and extend the thigh at the hip
Semimembranosus
Posterior Flexor Muscles (Hamstrings Femoris group) O: Ischial tuberosity I: Medial condyle of tibia F: Flexes the leg at the knee joint and extend the thigh at the hip
Semiteninosus
Posterior Flexor Muscles (Hamstrings Femoris group) O: Ischial tuberosity I: Shaft of tibia F: Flexes the leg at the knee joint and extend the thigh at the
Gracilis
Medial Femoris Muscle
O: The body and inferior ramus of the pubis
I: Medial surface of the tibia ‘s body
F: Adducts thigh at hip joint, rotates thigh medially, and flexes leg at knee joint
Leg Muscles 3 Compartments
- Anterior Compartment (3)
- Lateral Compartment (1)
- Posterior Compartment (7)
Extensor Halliucis Longus
Anterior Compartment
Extends great toe and dorsiflexes foot at ankle
Tibialis Anterior
Anterior Compartment
Dorsiflexes and inverts foot
Extensor Digitorium Longus
Anterior Compartment
Extends toes 2-5
Dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint
Fibularis Longus and Brevis
Lateral Compartment
Both muscles evert the foot and are weak in flexing the plantar
Gastrocnemius
Superficial Posterior Compartment
Flexes leg at knee, plantar flexes foot at ankle
Soleus
Superficial Posterior Compartment
Plantar flexes foot at ankle
Plantaris
Superficial Posterior Compartment
Weak leg flexor, flexes foot at ankle joint
Flexor digitorium longus
Deep Posterior Compartment
Plantar flexes foot at the ankle joint
Flexor hallicus longus
Deep Posterior Compartment
Plantar flexes foot at the ankle joint
Tibialis posterior
Deep Posterior Compartment
Plantar flexes and and inverts the foot
Popiteus
Deep Posterior Compartment
Flexes leg, medially rotates tibia to unlock the knee
Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
They insert within the foot
Function: support and locomotion
Flexor digitorum brevis
First Layer
Attaches to middle phalanges of toes, and flexes toes 2-5 at IP and metatarsophalangeal joint
Abductor hallucis
First Layer
Abducts and flexes the great toe
Abductor digiti minimi
First Layer
Abducts and flexes the little toe
Quadratus plantae
Second Layer
Attaches to the tendons of the digitorium longus to flex toes 2-5
Lumbricales muscles
Second Layer
Attaches to tendons of the flexor digitorium longus. Serves to flex the MP joints, extends toes 2-5 at the interphalangeal joint
Adductor hallucis
Third Layer
Adducts and flexes great toe
Flexor hallucis brevis
Third Layer
Flexes great toe and MTP joint
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Third Layer
Flexes little toes at MTP joint
Dorsal interossei
Fourth Layer
Adducts and flexes toes 2-5 and MTP and extends toes at IP
Plantar interossei
Fourth Layer
Adducts and flexes proximal MTP and extends toe at IP joint
Sacral Plexus
L4, L5, S1-S4 Innervates: - lower back - pelvis - perineum - posterior surface of the high and leg - dorsum and plantar of the foot`
Common Fibular Nerve
Innervates anterior, lateral leg and dorsum of the foot
- Superficial gluteal nerve
- Inferior gluteal nerve
- Nerve to piriformis
- Pudendal (S2-S4)
Arteries to the lower limb
Abdominal aorta
Internal iliac artery
External iliac artery
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Anterior and posterior tibial artery
Fibular/perineal artery
- doralis pedis
- digitial arteries (dorsal and plantar)
- plantar archVeins to the lower limb
Anterior and posterior tibial Popliteal vein Deep femoral vein Great and small saphenous veins Femoral vein External Iliac (sacroiliac joint) Internal Iliac vein Common Iliac vein Inferior vena cava
