chapter 8 - language and thought Flashcards
5 dimensions of language
phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, pragmatics
phonology
knowing how words sound
morphology
smaller words within the full word
meaning and understanding of words
semantics
grammar rules for sentence structure
syntax
pragmatics
context-dependent use of language
what is behaviourist theory?
language is learned through imitation and rewards
who thought of behaviourist theory?
skinner
what is nativist theory?
humans are born with a natural ability to learn language
who thought of nativist theory?
chomsky
which theory suggests that our brain and experiences work together to help us learn a language?
interactionist theory
cognitive theory
thinking increases so does language
social communication theory
social interactions (talking with others)
emergenist theory
ability to use language through experiences and forming connections
formal vs natural concepts
formal: defined by strict rules
natural: based on everyday experiences
example of formal concept
a triangle has three side
how do we form natural concepts?
prototype
the most typical image we think of for a certain idea
prototype
what is belief bias effect?
how our personal beliefs influence how we evaluate information
what is confirmation bias?
only remember information that supports what you already believe in
which obstacle focuses on ideas that support our beliefs and ignore those that don’t?
fallacy of positive instances
overestimation effect
overestimating how often something happens
unnecessary constraints
assuming rules that do not exist
what is it called when you can’t think “outside of the box”
functional fixedness
3 decision-making strategies
single-featured model, additive model, elimination-by-aspects model
rate and compare pros and cons
additive model
law of small numbers
drawing conclusions based on small % of opinions (judging a restaurant based off of one bad review)
gambler’s fallacy
the odds of a chance event increase because the event hasn’t happened recently
belief perseverance
when people stick to their beliefs even when there is clear evidence that contradicts them
framing
how the way information is presented influences decisions or judgment (90% of people survive this surgery vs 10% of people die from this surgery”)
