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ant204: Sociocultural Anthropology > Chapter 8: Kinship, Family, Marriage > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Kinship, Family, Marriage Flashcards

1
Q

Kinship

A
  • used to describe culturally recognized ties between members of a family
  • includes the terms, or social statuses, used to define family members and the roles or expected behaviours family associated with these statuses
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2
Q

Consanguineal Kin

A

relatives through “blood”

ex. parents and children

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3
Q

Affinal Kin

A

relatives through marriage

ex. in-laws

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4
Q

Lineal Kin

A

direct ancestors and descendants

ex. child, parent, grandparent, great-grandparent

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5
Q

Collateral Kin

A

related but parallel lines of descent

ex. everyone except parents and grandparents (siblings, nephews, nieces, aunts, uncles, and cousins)

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6
Q

Parallel Cousins

A

mother’s sister’s kids and father’s brother’s kids

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7
Q

Cross Cousin

A

mother’s brother’s kids and father’s sister’s kids

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8
Q

Theories of Incest Prohibition

A
  1. Genetic theory
  2. Degeneration theory
  3. Family harmony theory (Freud, Malinowski)
  4. Aversion theory (Westermarck)
  5. Social cooperation theory (Tylor)
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9
Q

Functions of Marriage

A

Edmund Leach (1955) marriage assigns, defines, and organizes:
1. Parental legitimacy
2. Sexual access
3. Labour
4. Property
5. Inheritance
6. Affinal relations

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10
Q

Marriage Rules

A
  1. Exogamy
  2. Endogamy
  3. Prescriptive rules
  4. Preferential rules
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11
Q

Exogamy

A

marrying outside cultural group or caste

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12
Q

Endogamy

A

marrying within cultural group or caste

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13
Q

Prescriptive Rules

A

marrying specific people said by family

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14
Q

Preferential Rules

A

marrying based on economic or social status, age, education, character

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15
Q

Monogamy

A
  • strict: one partner forever (ex. Catholic Church)
  • serial: marrying one person at a time
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16
Q

Polygamy

A
  • polygyny: man with multiple wives
  • polyandry: woman with multiple husbands (fraternal polyandry: brothers marrying one woman)
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17
Q

3 Marital Transfer of Wealth and Rights

A
  1. Bridewealth
  2. Brideservice
  3. Dowry
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18
Q

Bridewealth

A
  • husband’s family gives gifts to wife’s family to maintain alliance
  • insurance against divorce
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19
Q

Brideservice

A

husband has to work for wife’s family before marrying her

20
Q

Dowry

A
  • gifts go to husband’s family
  • women seen as an economic burden
  • non-fertility could lead to divorce
21
Q

5 Post-Marital Residences

A
  1. Patrilocal (virilocal)
  2. Matrilocal (uxorilocal)
  3. Bilocal (ambilocal)
  4. Neolocal
  5. Avunculocal
22
Q

Patrilocal (virilocal)

A

living with or near husband’s family

ex. Yanomamo, BaKgatla

23
Q

Matrilocal (uxorilocal)

A

living with or near wife’s family

ex. Apache, Hopi (USA), Ashanti

24
Q

Bilocal (ambilocal)

A
  • live with either side of the family back and forth
  • brideservice society

ex. Ju/’hoansi, Maya

25
Q

Neolocal

A

living away from family

ex. industrial, urban society

26
Q

Avunculocal

A

living with husband’s mother’s brother’s family

ex. Trobriand Islanders

27
Q

Basic Domestic Social Groupings

A
  • family
  • household
28
Q

Family

A
  • group or network of related people
  • couple with or without kids and single parents
29
Q

Household

A
  • basic residential units of society
  • can contain members with different lineages
30
Q

Nuclear Family

A
  • parents who are in a culturally-recognized relationship
  • family of orientation = family born into
  • family of procreation = family you make
  • common in hunter gather societies

ex. marriage, along with their minor or dependent children

31
Q

Extended Family

A
  • a family of at least three-generations sharing a household
  • stem (living w/ grandparents) and joint (living w/ siblings) families
  • members have specialized jobs, economic, and defence unit
  • adaptable (wont break if someone leaves)
  • includes non-kin members
32
Q

Industrial Family Forms

A
  • new family forms, replaces the extended family in industrial society
  • nuclear family
  • single-parent
  • matrifocal
  • blended or modular
  • expanded
33
Q

Descent Groups

A
  • created by these kinship systems and provide members with a sense of identity and social support
  • unilineal
  • cognatic
34
Q

Unilineal Descent

A
  • descent through only one line or side of the family
  • patrilineal
  • matrilineal
35
Q

Patrilineal

A

line of relationships between fathers and their children

ex. Yanomamo, Nuer, China

36
Q

Matrilineal

A
  • line of relationships between mothers and their children
  • women are respected but men still have more authority

ex. Iroquois, Trobriand, Ashanti, Minangkabau, Hopi

37
Q

Cognatic Descent

A
  • bilateral
  • ambilineal
38
Q

Bilateral

A

descent from both the father’s and the mother’s side of the family

39
Q

Ambilineal

A

choosing own lineage

40
Q

4 Unilineal Descent Groups

A
  1. Lineages
  2. Clans
  3. Phratries
  4. Moieties
41
Q

Lineages

A
  • unilineal descent groups
  • corporate descent group of consanguineal kin
  • can identify ancestral links
  • common ancestor can be demonstrated
  • owner of property or usufruct
  • unity based on practical concerns
  • assigns status to individuals within society
  • exogamous (with some exceptions)
42
Q

Clans

A
  • groupings of lineages - common descent is stipulated rather than demonstrated
  • hard to identify ancestral links
  • common ancestor is often a mythical figure: totemic ancestor (ex. Wolf, Bear, Turtle)
  • dispersed, non-corporate/symbolic unity via totem and ritual
  • reciprocal hospitality (ex. Six Nations/Iroquois)
  • exogamous: solves the problem of incest avoidance
43
Q

Phratries

A
  • three or more groupings of clans and arises from population growth and expansion
  • weak political or economic functions; BUT, are often exogamous

ex. Hopi of Arizona have 9 phratries with 3-7 clans in each (exogamous)

44
Q

Moieties

A
  • society organized into two halves (assoc. with dualities, land-water, night-day)
  • ritual function, divides communities into two for symbolic/ritual purposes
  • exogamous

ex. Tlingit (Wolf and Raven) moieties perform funerary functions for each other

45
Q

Kindreds

A
  • bilateral descent
  • ego-focused
  • come together for birthdays or weddings
  • non-corporate
  • transitory

ex. full siblings, Iban bejali: head hunters come together for revenge

46
Q

Kindship Problems

A

diagrams from tut

ant204: Sociocultural Anthropology (10 decks)

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