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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 8 Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Joints are classified based on amount of movement

A
  • synarthroses = immovable joints
    • amphiarthroses = slightly moveable
    • diarthroses = freely moveable
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2
Q

Join movement: Synarthroses

A

synarthroses = immovable joints

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3
Q

Join movement: Amphiarthroses

A

amphiarthroses = slightly moveable

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4
Q

Join movement: Diarthroses

A

diarthroses = freely moveable

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5
Q

Fibrous joints characteristics

A
  • Fibrous joints = bones joined by collagen fibers of connective tissue and no joint cavity is present
    - most immoveable
    • sutures – interlocking junction with minimal amount of very short connective tissue fibers
    • cranial bones of skull
    • syndesmosis = bones connected by ligaments, cords or bands of fibrous tissue
    • radius and ulna
    *gomphosis = tooth in bone alveolar socket – connected by periodontal ligament
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6
Q

Fibrous joints: Suture

A

Sutures – interlocking junction with minimal amount of very short connective tissue fibers
-cranial bones of skull

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7
Q

Fibrous joints: Syndesmosis

A

Syndesmosis = bones connected by ligaments, cords or bands of fibrous tissue
-radius and ulna

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8
Q

Fibrous joints: Gomphosis

A

Gomphosis = tooth in bone alveolar socket – connected by periodontal ligament

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9
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A
  • synchondrosis = immovable joints joined by hyaline cartilage
    • epiphyseal plate
    • symphysis = limited movement designed for strength and flexibility and joined by fibrocartilage
    • intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
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10
Q

Cartilaginous joints: Synchondrosis

A

Synchondrosis = immovable joints joined by hyaline cartilage

-epiphyseal plate

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11
Q

Cartilaginous joints: Symphysis

A

Symphysis = limited movement designed for strength and flexibility and joined by fibrocartilage
-intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

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12
Q

Synovial joints: Classification and Features

A
  • articular cartilage
    • joint cavity
    • articular capsule
      - fibrous layer
      - synovial membrane
    • synovial fluid
    • reinforcing ligaments
      • capsular ligaments
    • intracapsular ligaments
    • nerves and blood vessels – in the capsule
    *other features – cushion structures and improve fit of joint
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13
Q

Synovial joints: Articular cartilage

A

Articular cartilage = hyaline cartilage that covers opposing bone surfaces

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14
Q

Synovial joints: Joint cavity

A

Space that contains small amount of synovial fluid

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15
Q

Synovial joints: Articular capsule

A

Articular capsule – two-layer

* fibrous layer = outer layer of dense regular connective tissue
* synovial membrane = inner layer of loose connective tissue and makes synovial fluid
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16
Q

Synovial joints: Synovial fluid

A

Synovial fluid – contains hyaluronic acid = slippery weight-bearing film

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17
Q

Synovial joints: Reinforcing ligaments

A
  • reinforcing ligaments
  • capsular ligaments = thickenings of fibrous layer of capsule
  • intracapsular ligaments – covered with synovial membrane so do not lie within capsule
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18
Q

Synovial joints: Nerves and blood vessels

A

-Nerves and blood vessels – in the capsule: provide sensory information and nourish synovial membrane

19
Q

Synovial joints: Other features

A

–Cushion structures and improve fit of joint

* fat pads 
* articular discs or menisci
20
Q

Synovial joints: Stability depends on?

A

Stability depends on

* shapes of articular surfaces
* number and positioning of ligaments
* muscle tone
21
Q

Synovial joints: Types of movement

A
  • gliding
    * angular
    • rotation
    • special movements (Fig 8.6)
22
Q

Synovial joints - Types of movement: Gliding

A

*gliding – bony surfaces slip over one another

23
Q

Synovial joints - Types of movement: Angular

A

Angular – increases or decreases the angle between two bones

* flexion – along sagittal plane - decreases angle of joint – brings articular bones closer together
* extension – increases angle of joint or straightens
      - hyperextension = increase in joint angle beyond anatomical position

* abduction – movement away from midline along frontal plane
* adduction – movement toward midline
* circumduction – movement that describes a cone in space - distal end of a limb moves in a circle while proximal portion remains stationary
24
Q

Synovial joints - Types of movement: Rotation

A

Rotation = turning a bone around its own long axis

-first two cervical vertebrae, shoulder, hip

25
Q

Joints diseases: Bursa and Tendon sheaths

A

• Bursa and Tendon sheaths – often associated with synovial joints
*Bursa = flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and small amount of synovial fluid

*Tendon sheath = elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subject to friction
26
Q

Knee Joint

A
  • largest and most complex joint of body
    • one joint cavity but have femoropatellar and tibiofemoral joints
    • tibial surface = articular cartilage plus C-shaped medial and lateral menisci (fibrocartilage)
    • articular capsule present on sides and posterior aspects of knee
    • anteriorly – three broad ligaments run from patella to tibia
    • many bursae – subcutaneous prepatellar bursa often damaged when knee bumped anteriorly
    • capsular and extracapsular ligaments act to prevent hyperextension of knee and are stretched tight when knee is extended
    • cruciate ligaments = intracapsular ligaments cross each other forming an X between the femoral condyles
    • most susceptible to sports injuries – can absorb vertical force nearly 7 x body weight but very susceptible to HORIZONTAL blows
    • most ACL injuries occur when a runner changes direction quickly, twisting a hyperextended knee
27
Q

Knee Joint: Menisci

A

Menisci = shock absorbers that deepen articular surface and prevent side-to-side rocking of bones

* tears when subjected to compression and shear (twisting) stress at the same time 
* avascular so repairs poorly
* cartilage fragments (loose bodies) can interfere with joint function
* arthroscopic surgery – small instrument with tiny lens and fiber-optic light source that allows surgeon to remove cartilage fragments or repair a ligament through one or more small slits
28
Q

Knee Joint - Anteriorly three broad ligaments run from patella to tibia:

A
  • Patellar ligament, and

* Medial and lateral retinacula (merge with articular capsule)

29
Q

Knee Joint: Capsular and Extracapsular ligaments

A

*capsular and extracapsular ligaments act to prevent hyperextension of knee and are stretched tight when knee is extended

30
Q

Knee Joint: Cruciate ligaments

A

Intracapsular ligaments cross each other forming an X between the femoral condyles

* anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)– prevents forward sliding of tibia on femur
* posterior cruciate ligament – prevents backward displacement of tibia
31
Q

Shoulder (Glenohumoral) joint

A
  • glenoid cavity shallow – deepened by glenoid labrum (rim of fibrocartilage)
    • few ligaments reinforce joint and mainly located on anterior surface
    • rotator cuff = four tendons that encircle shoulder joint and blend in with articular capsule
    • dislocations (luxations) – fairly common due to shallow joint cavity and weak anterior and inferior reinforcements
32
Q

Shoulder (Glenohumoral) joint: Rotator cuff

A
  • Four tendons that encircle shoulder joint and blend in with articular capsule
    • can be severely stretched or torn when arm is vigorously circumducted – pitchers, tennis players
33
Q

Shoulder (Glenohumoral) joint: Dislocations (luxations)

A

Fairly common due to shallow joint cavity and weak anterior and inferior reinforcements

* forward and downward into axillary area
* usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation and difficulty moving joint
34
Q

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

A
  • Modified hinge joint just anterior to ear
    • hinge-like depression and elevation of mandible
    • gliding from side to side – grinding = lateral excursion

-Dislocations common – shallow joint that dislocates anteriorly

35
Q

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ): Dislocation

A

Dislocations common – shallow joint that dislocates anteriorly

36
Q

TMJ disorders

A
  • Often found in people who grind their teeth, following jaw trauma, poor occlusion of teeth
    • symptoms: pain in the ear and face, tenderness of jaw muscles, popping sounds when mouth opens and joint stiffness
    • treatment – relaxation of jaw muscles using massage, muscle-relaxants, heat or cold, stress reduction techniques, and bite plate for use during sleep for teeth grinders
37
Q

Joints Diseases: Sprains

A

Sprains – occur when ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn

* most common sites = ankle, knee, and lumbar area of spine
* pain, immobilizing and heal slowly
38
Q

Joints Diseases: Bursitis

A

Inflammation of a bursa – usually caused by a blow or friction
*severe cases treated by injection of anti-inflammatory drugs into bursa

39
Q

Joints Diseases: Tendonitis

A

Inflammation of tendon sheath – typically caused by overuse

* symptoms: pain, swelling and may getting tingling (if compresses sensory nerves)
* treatment: rest, ice, anti-inflammatories
40
Q

Joints Diseases: Arthritis

A

100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints

* symptoms: pain, stiffness, and swelling of joint
* acute forms usually result from bacterial infection and are treated with antibiotics
* chronic forms include: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis
* osteoarthritis (OA) = most common chronic arthritis = chronic degenerative
 	* rheumatoid arthritis
* gouty arthritis
41
Q

Joints Diseases - Arthritis: Osteoarthritis

A
  • Most common chronic arthritis = CHRONIC DEGENERATIVE CONDITION
    • wear-and-tear disease as most common in elderly
    • produces softened, roughened, pitted and eroded articular cartilages
    • exposed bone thickens and forms osteophytes – bony spurs that enlarge bone ends and may restrict movement
    • most affected joints = cervical and lumbar spine, fingers, knuckles (juntas), knees and hips
    • most controllable with mild pain relief (aspirin, acetaminophen) and moderate activity
    • can be crippling when knees or hips are involved
      • total knee and hip replacements with metal and plastic prostheses last about 10-15 years
      • done to reduce pain and restore about 80% of original joint function
42
Q

Joints Diseases - Arthritis: Rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • Chronic inflammatory AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER
    • usually occurring between 30-50 years of age
    • many joints – especially small joints of fingers, wrists, ankles and feet bilaterally affected
    • in addition to pain and swelling – can include anemia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness and cardiovascular disease
    • *pannus = thickened synovial membrane that clings to and degrades articular cartilage
    • scar tissue forms and connects bone ends
    • ANKYLOSIS = fusion of bone ends that deform and immobilize joint
    • steroidal and non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drugs, immune suppressants
43
Q

Joints Diseases - Arthritis: Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Pannus = thickened synovial membrane that clings to and degrades articular cartilage

 - scar tissue forms and connects bone ends
- ANKYLOSIS = fusion of bone ends that deform and immobilize joint
44
Q

Joints Diseases - Arthritis:

Gouty arthritis

A

Resulting from excessive uric acid production (waste product of nucleic acid metabolism) and deposition of uric acid crystals (needle-shaped crystals) into soft tissues of joints

* inflammatory response accompanied with pain – usually starting in one joint – base of great toe
* more common in men
* several drugs that terminate or prevent gout attacks available and patients advised to drink plenty of water, avoid alcohol consumption (promotes uric acid overproduction) and foods high in purine-containing nucleic acids (liver, kidneys, sardines)

Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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