Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 7 The Skeleton > Flashcards

Chapter 7 The Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What Skeletal System includes?

A
  • includes bones, cartilage and ligaments

* framework that help maintain body shape and allow movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bones of Skeleton

A
  • approximately 206 bones in adult skeleton

* two major sub-divisions: axial and appendicular skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Axial Skeleton

A
  • 3 major regions: skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage

* protect brain and spinal cord and vital organs within the thorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Axial Skeleton: Skull

A

o contains 22 separate bones – cranial and facial bones
o cranium - protects brain
o houses special sense organs for vision, hearing, smell, equilibrium and taste
o calvaria (cranial vault) = top of the skull (skull cap)
o cranial base = skull inferior aspect
o mandible detaches readily from rest of the skull
o brain sits in cranial cavity, has ear, nasal and oral cavities, and orbits (Fig. 7.3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name the 8 Cranium bones?

A 
o	Frontal bone most anterior
o	Parietal bones (2) in middle
o	Occipital bone posteriorly located
o	Temporal bones (2)
o	Sphenoid bone 
o	Ethmoid bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cranium: Frontal bone

A

Frontal bone most anterior

* joined to parietal bones by coronal suture
* forms the supraorbital margins
* contains the frontal sinuses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cranium: Parietal bones

A

Parietal bones (2) in middle

* two halves joined together at sagittal suture
* form most of the superior and lateral aspects of the skull
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cranium: Occipital bone

A

Occipital bone posteriorly located
*joined to parietal bones by lamboid suture
*external occipital protuberance – median protrusion
• site of attachment of ligamentum nuchae – elastic ligament that attaches the vertebrae of the neck to the skull and for several neck muscles
*foramen magnum = large hole where medulla oblongata (inferior portion of brain) connects with spinal cord
*occipital condyles – found on each side of foramen magnum and articulate with first cervical vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cranium: Temporal bones

A
  • Lateral portion of skull
    • joined to parietal bone by squamous suture
    • external acoustic meatus (canal) – transmits sound waves toward tympanic membrane of ear
    • mastoid process –projection of bone filled with air cavities that connect to middle ear
    • zygomatic process (anterior projecting) of the temporal bone joins with the temporal process of zygomatic bone to form zygomatic arch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cranium: Sphenoid bone

A

o Sphenoid bone – forms interior middle floor of cranium

* articulates with all other cranial bones
* contains sphenoidal sinuses
* sella tursica – snug enclosure for the pituitary gland
* optic canal and superior orbital fissure – passageway for nerves - from eye and to muscles of eye
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cranium: Ethmoid bone

A
  • Ethmoid bone – anterior to sphenoid bone in floor of cranium
    • articulates with nasal bones of face
    • cribriform plates = located on superior surface - has tiny holes that allow filaments of the olfactory nerve to pass into brain
    • lateral masses contain ethmoidal air cells (sinuses)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cranium: Facial Bones

A 
Facial bones (14 bones) all paired except mandible and vomer bones
o	Mandible 
o	Maxilla 
o	Zygomatic bones  
o	Nasal bones 
o	Lacrimal bones 
o	Palatine bones 
o	Vomer 
o	Inferior Nasal Conchae 
o	orbits
o	nasal cavity 
o	paranasal sinuses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cranium - Facial Bones: Mandible

A
  • Lower jaw – inferior to maxilla and articulates posteriorly with temporal bone
    • condylar process – articulates with mandibular fossa of temporal bone
    • coronoid process – attachment point for temporalis muscle
    • alveolar process – contains inferior set of teeth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cranium - Facial Bones: Maxilla

A
  • Upper jaw – fused medially
    • articulates with all facial bones except the mandible
    • alveolar process – contains superior set of teeth
    • maxillary sinuses – on either side of the nasal cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cranium - Facial Bones: Zygomatic bones

A

cheek bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cranium - Facial Bones: Nasal bones

A

Fused medially and form bridge of nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cranium - Facial Bones: Lacrimal bones

A

Form part of the medial wall of the orbit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cranium - Facial Bones: Palatine bones

A

Fused medially – forms posterior part of hard palate and part of the wall of the nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cranium - Facial Bones: Vomer

A

Forms nasal septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cranium - Facial Bones: Inferior Nasal Conchae

A
  • Project medially from lateral walls of nasal cavity

* increase air turbulence of inspired air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cranium - Facial Bones: orbits

A
  • Cone-shaped fossas
    • protect eyes, cushioned by fatty tissue, and has attachment points for muscles that rotate them
    • wall formed by parts of seven bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cranium - Facial Bones: nasal cavity

A
  • Pear-shaped opening anteriorly in mid-line of face

* constructed of bone and hyaline cartilage

23
Q

Cranium - Facial Bones: paranasal sinuses

A
  • Several bones of the face with mucosa-lined air-filled cavities that open into the nasal cavity
    • located within frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones
    • act as resonance chambers during voice production
    • warm and humidify inspired air
24
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

Hyoid Bone – not part of the adult skull

* only bone in the body that does not articulate with another bone 
* anterior and superior aspect of neck just below the mandible
* attachment point of tongue and neck muscles that elevate the larynx during speech and swallowing
25
Q

Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column general functions

A

26 bones - vertebrae

* supports weight of head and trunk
* protects spinal cord
* site for rib and muscle attachment
* anterior and posterior ligaments, support vertebral column
26
Q

Axial Skeleton: Features of Vertebrae

A
  • Regional differences but all have:
    • body = bony disk that is weight-bearing portion
    • vertebral arch – projects posteriorly from body
    • vertebral foramen = large opening surrounded by arch and together with foramina of other vertebrae forms vertebral canal – contains the spinal cord and cauda equine
    • transverse process extends laterally from each side of the arch
    • spinous process extends posteriorly from the arch
27
Q

Axial Skeleton - Vertebral column: Intervertebral discs

A
  • fibrocartilage – located between bodies of adjacent vertebrae
    • have external annulus fibrosus and internal gelatinous nucleus pulposus
    • Provide additional support and prevent vertebral bodies from rubbing against each other
    • compress with age so distance between vertebrae decreases – overall height of individual decreases, and more prone to herniation
28
Q

Axial Skeleton - Vertebral column: Herniated disc

A
  • Rupture of the annulus fibrosus and protrusion of nucleus pulposa through the annulus
    • if presses on spinal cord or on spinal nerves existing cord – produces numbness and pain
    • treated with moderate exercise, massage, heat therapy and painkillers
    • surgical treatment = removal of disc and bone graft to fuse adjoining vertebrae
29
Q

Vertebral Column Regions:

A
  • Has 5 regions and four major curvatures
    • Cervical region – concave
    • Thoracic region – convex
    • Lumbar region – concave
    • Sacral and coccygeal regions
30
Q

Vertebral Column Regions: Cervical

A

Cervical region – concave
7 cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
whiplash = traumatic hyperextension of the cervical vertebrae
-May result in fracture of spinous processes or herniated disc putting posterior pressure on spinal cord, spinal nerves, muscles, tendons and ligaments

31
Q

Vertebral Column Regions: Thoracic

A

*Thoracic region – convex

12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)

32
Q

Vertebral Column Regions: Lumbar

A

Lumbar region – concave

5 lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)

33
Q

Vertebral Column Regions: Sacral and coccygeal bone

A

Sacral and coccygeal regions – together convex
1 sacrum – adult = 5 fused sacral vertebrae from developing embryo
1 coccygeal bone – adult = 4-5 fused coccygeal vertebrae

34
Q

Abnormal spinal curvatures – due to disease or congenital defect : Kyphosis

A
  • Kyphosis = exaggerated concave curvature of thoracic region
    • most common in post-menopausal women (“dowager’s hump”)
35
Q

Abnormal spinal curvatures – due to disease or congenital defect : Lordosis

A
  • Lordosis = exaggeration of convex curve of lumbar region

* seen in pregnant women, those with pot-bellies

36
Q

Abnormal spinal curvatures – due to disease or congenital defect : Scoliosis

A
  • Scoliosis = “twisted” - lateral and rotational curvature of the vertebral column
    • more common in girls in late childhood
    • treated with body braces or surgically to prevent permanent deformity and breathing difficulties
37
Q

Axial Skeleton - Thoracic Cage

A

-Semi-rigid chamber that protects vital organs in thorax
= thoracic vertebrae, ribs and associated costal cartilages and sternum
*increases and decreases in volume during respiration
Parts:
*Articulate with the thoracic vertebrae (12 pairs of ribs)
*true ribs (7 pairs) – attach directly via their costal cartilages to the sternum

* false ribs (5 pairs)
       - floating ribs 

*sternum
38
Q

Thoracic Cage: Articulate with the thoracic vertebrae

A

12 pairs of ribs - articulate with the thoracic vertebrae

* head – articulates with bodies of two adjacent vertebrae
* tubercle – articulates with transverse process of inferior vertebra
* body (shaft) = main part of rib, 
      - angle = point of greatest curvature and weakest point that can be fractured in crushing injury
      - sternal end = attaches to costal cartilage
39
Q

Thoracic Cage: True ribs

A

-True ribs (7 pairs) – attach directly via their costal cartilages to the sternum

40
Q

Thoracic Cage: False ribs

A
  • False ribs (5 pairs) – 8th, 9th, 10th attach by common cartilage to the seventh ribs
    • floating ribs – 11th and 12th do not attach to sternum
41
Q

Thoracic Cage: Sternum

A

-Sternum – has three parts:
*manubrium – most cranial portion - articulates with clavicle and 1st rib
• jugular notch – located on superior margin and easily palpated
• sternal angle –prominence where inferior margin of manubrium and body of sternum meet (2nd rib attaches here)

* body – middle portion
* xiphoid process  - most caudal portion and no ribs attach here
42
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Appendicular Skeleton = bones of upper limbs, lower limbs and pectoral and pelvic girdles

43
Q

Appendicular Skeleton is divided?

A
  • Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb (Arm, Forearm and Hand)
  • Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb (Thigh, Leg, Foot)
    • bones generally thicker, longer and heavier than upper limb
44
Q

Appendicular Skeleton: Pectoral Girdle

A

scapula and clavicle

* calvicle (collar bone)  ventrally located long bone with slight sigmoid (s-shaped) curve  
* scapula (shoulder blade) – dorsally located
      - Glenoid cavity – cranially located on lateral surface – articulates with head of humerous
45
Q

Appendicular Skeleton: Arm

A

Arm = upper limb from shoulder to elbow

- Humerus – only bone of arm
* distal end articulates
          - laterally with radius
      - medially with ulna
46
Q

Appendicular Skeleton: Forearm

A
  • ulna – on medial side of forearm
    • radius – on lateral side (thumb-side) of forearm
      - Colles fracture = common fracture distal end of radius when person falls and attempts to break fall with outstretched hands
    • articulate with each other proximally and distally
    • connected along entire length by interosseous membrane
47
Q

Appendicular Skeleton: Hand

A

*Carpus (Wrist)
Carpals bones (8) = two rows of four bones
Carpal tunnel – formed by at ligament that stretches across the anterior surface of the carpals bones
-tendons, nerves and blood vessels pass through tunnel to enter the hand
-carpal tunnel syndrome – edema or connective tissue deposition within carpal tunnel resulting in tingling, burning and numbness of the hand

*Metacarpus (Palm)
Metacarpals – numbered 1-5 from lateral (thumb side) to medial

*Phalanges (Fingers)
Phalanges (14) that make up the digits – thumb (2) and 4 fingers (3)

48
Q

Appendicular Skeleton: Hand

A

*Carpus (Wrist)
Carpal tunnel
*Metacarpus (Palm)
*Phalanges (Fingers)

49
Q

Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Girdle

A

Pelvic Girdle – right and left coxal bones and sacrum

* coxal bones – right and left halves join anteriorly to each other at the pubis and posteriorly with sacrum
- formed from the fusion of three bones: ilium, ishium and pubis
- acetabulum = deep hemispherical socket on lateral surface
50
Q

Appendicular Skeleton: Thigh

A

Thigh

* Femur (Fig. 7.33) = the only bone
* proximal end articulates with acetabulum of coxal bone
* distal end articulates with tibia
        - patellar surface – articulates with patella

*patella = large sesamoid bone located within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle group
51
Q

Appendicular Skeleton: Leg

A
  • Lower limb between the knee and ankle
    • tibia – larger bone and supports most of the weight of the leg
    • medial malleolus – forms medial side of ankle joint
    • fibula – does not articulate with femur - articulates with the tibia
    • lateral malleolus - forms lateral side of ankle joint
    • Potts fracture – distal end of fibula, tibia, or both
52
Q

Appendicular Skeleton: Foot

A

Foot – tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, phalanges
o *tarsal bones (7) – proximal bones of foot – larger than carpal bones of wrist
-talus – articulates with tibia and fibula to form ankle joint
-calcaneous = largest and strongest bone of the foot = heel

*metatarsals (5) – form the dorsal and plantar surfaces of the foot

* phalanges (14) – arranged in similar manner to phalanges of hand
* three major arches  distribute weight between ball and heel of foot during standing and walking
- higher on the medial side than the lateral side
53
Q

Developmental Aspects of Skeleton

A
  • Fontanelles = unossified remnants of fibrous membranes between skull bones
    • anterior fontanelle = largest (between frontal and parietal bones) ossifies by about 2 years of age
    • Spinal curvatures
      • C-shaped as newborn and other curvatures develop as baby starts to lift head then walk
54
Q

Developmental Aspects of Skeleton: Congenital Abnormalities

A

Congenital abnormalities

* cleft palate – occurs when palantine processes of maxillary bones don’t fuse with one another
   - produces opening between oral and nasal cavities making it difficult to eat, drink or speak

* dysplasia of hip (1%) of infants – acetabulum incompletely formed or ligaments of hip are loose
- head of femur slips out of socket
- treatment by split or harness to hold femur in place or surgery to tighten ligaments

Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions