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Anatomy LECTURE > Chapter 8: Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is a joint

A

The site where two bones meet or articulate

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2
Q

Do joints always move?

A

No, joints may or may not allow for movement

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3
Q

Are all joints the same shape? How does a shape of a joint determine the movement

A
  • Shape of joints vary
  • Shape of joints determine how we can move a joint and what movement we can move it in
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4
Q

What are the general functions of a joint

A

Mobility and stability

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5
Q

What does the mobility of a joint allow for

A

Allow movement of various body parts
- Different amount and type of movement

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6
Q

What does the stability of a joint allow for

A

The stability of a joint holds the skeleton together. Bones are held in place instead of moving and this prevents damage to internal structures

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7
Q

What are the two general classifications of joints

A

Structural and functional

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8
Q

Structural classification of joints

A

Type of tissue that connects bones at articulating surface
- Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

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9
Q

Functional classification of joints

A

Amount of movement allowed by the joint

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10
Q

Synarthroses

A

Allow for no movement of joints

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11
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

Allow for limited movements of joints

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12
Q

Diarthroses

A

Allow for free movement of joints

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13
Q

Where are Synarthroses and Amphiarthroses most likely to be found

A

Axial skeleton ( Skull, vertebral column, rib cage)
- This part of the skeleton has mostly protective qualities so you don’t want bones to move much

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14
Q

Where are Diarthroses most likely to be found

A

Appendicular skeleton (legs, arms, pectoral and pelvic girdles)

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15
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Joints composed of collagen fibers of connective tissue

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16
Q

Do fibrous joints have joint cavities?

A

No

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17
Q

What type of movement is allowed in fibrous joints

A

Mostly Synarthroses and a few Amphiarthroses

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18
Q

Sutures

A
  • Type of fibrous joint
    Found ONLY between bones of the skull
    Have long and short collagen fibers
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19
Q

How much movements do sutures permit and why is this important ?

A

Sutures permit little movement and this is because if the skull bones moved around they can physically poke into the brain

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20
Q

What is the meaning of sutures

A

“Seams”

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21
Q

What are fontanelles and what order do they close in?

A

Fontanelles are soft spots in a baby skull. The posterior fontanelles closes first around 2/3 months then the anterior fontanelles closes around 1 1/2 years

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22
Q

Syndesmoses

A

Type of fibrous joint
- Bones are connected to one another by ligaments

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23
Q

Ligaments

A

Bands of fibrous tissue that join bone to bone

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24
Q

What does movement of the joint depend on?

A

The length of ligament bands

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25
Q

What is the relationship between length and movement allowed?

A

Longer fibers allow for a greater degree of movement

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26
Q

Gomphoses

A

A type of fibrous joint
Does NOT join bone to bone

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27
Q

What does a Gomphoses join tooth to?

A

Alveolar socket

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28
Q

Which structure is not bone?

A

Teeth

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29
Q

Periodontal ligament

A

Joints the mandible/maxilla to the tooth

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30
Q

Are the fibers of Gomphoses long or short and how does this affect movement?

A

The fibers are very short and this provides very little movement with the EXCEPTION of braces

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31
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Bones joined by cartilage

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32
Q

Are there joint cavities in cartilaginous joints?

A

No

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33
Q

What type of movement is allowed by cartilaginous joints? And what function does this have?

A

Synarthroses and Amphiarthroses
Protection qualities- Little movement of bone around structures protects these structures from injury

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34
Q

Synchondroses

A
  • Type of cartilaginous joints
  • Bones united with hyaline cartilage
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35
Q

What type of movement do Synchondroses allow for

A

Mostly Synarthroses

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36
Q

Symphyses

A

Type of cartilaginous joint
- Fibrocartilage joins bone

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37
Q

What type of movement is allowed at symphyses

A

Synarthroses and Amphiarthroses

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38
Q

What is the benefit of fibrocartilage at the joints of symphyses

A

Fibrocartilage is very compressible and absorbs shock

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39
Q

What are examples of symphyses?

A

Intervertebral joints & Pubic symphysis

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40
Q

Synovial joints

A

Have joint cavities
Most joints fall under this category

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41
Q

What type of movement do synovial joints allow for?

A

Diarthroses

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42
Q

Why are synovial joints all located in the appendicular skeleton ?

A

These joints allow for more complex or specialized movements

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43
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage covering bone ends

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44
Q

What is the function of Articular cartilage

A

Wraps around the epiphyses and serves as a cushion to bone ends preventing damage

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45
Q

Joint cavity

A

Small space between articulating bones

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46
Q

What is the function of a joint cavity

A

This is where synovial fluid is stored when a joint is being used

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47
Q

Articular capsule

A

Forms the walls around a joint cavity

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48
Q

Fibrous layer of Articular capsule

A

Outer layer that is continuous with periosteum of bones

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49
Q

What is the function of the fibrous layer

A

Prevents the articulated bones from being pulled apart, provides stability

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50
Q

Synovial membrane of Articular capsule

A

Inner layer that lines the joint cavity

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51
Q

Where is the synovial membrane NOT found?

A

Is NOT on the hyaline cartilage, is next to it

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52
Q

What is the function of the synovial membrane?

A

Produces synovial fluid which is slippery in nature

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53
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Slippery fluid occupying space in joint capsule and articular cartilages

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54
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid

A

Reduces friction between the articular cartilages of joined bones

55
Q

Where is synovial fluid found when a joint is not active? And what physical qualities does the fluid have?

A

The Articular cartilage soaks up the fluid & the fluid is viscous (thick)

56
Q

Where is the synovial fluid found when a joint is active? What is the nature of the fluid?

A

The fluid is found in the joint cavity and the fluid is watery in nature

57
Q

Reinforcing ligaments

A

Ligaments that join articulating bones

58
Q

What is the function of reinforcing ligaments?

A

Prevent the bones from moving too much relative to one another.

59
Q

Capsule ligament

A

Only ligament found within a joint capsule

60
Q

Extracapsular ligaments

A

Found outside the joint capsule

61
Q

Do double-jointed individuals have more joints?

A

NO. Double jointed people just have longer and looser bands of reinforcing ligaments

62
Q

Innervation & Vascularization

A

Synovial joints have sensory nerve fibers

63
Q

What sensations do we typically perceive at joints?

A

Stretch of joint, position of joint, pain of joint

64
Q

Why is innervation to the joints important

A

We can perceive the position of joints, the stretch of the tissue in the joints along with pain in the joint

65
Q

What does vascularization of synovial joints do? Why is this important?

A

Supplies blood supply to joints. This provides the raw materials that synovial fluid is actually derived from

66
Q

Bursae

A

Flattened Sacs with synovial fluid

67
Q

Where are you most likely to find bursae? And why

A

Most often found where ligaments, muscle, skin, tendons and bones rub together. Bursae prevents bone from rubbing against muscle tissue

68
Q

Tendon sheath

A

Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon to prevent friction

69
Q

Where in the body do you typically see tendon sheaths?

A

Parts of the body wheee tendons are packed closely together, ex : wrists and ankles

70
Q

What is the function of a tendon sheath?

A

Prevents damage from tendons rubbing against other tendons

71
Q

What three factors influence joint stability?

A

Articular surfaces, ligaments, muscle tone

72
Q

How do Articular surfaces of articulating bones influence stability?

A

When bones articulate fully, joints are less likely to be dislocated. The better two bones fit together, the more difficult it is to pull these joints out of place

73
Q

How do ligaments influence joint stability?

A

The more ligaments, the stronger the joint

74
Q

The more ligaments, the stronger the joint. When is this not true?

A

Ligaments only work well when there are other structures that are backing them up

75
Q

What is muscle tone and How does it influence joint stability?

A

Muscle tone is a slightly contracted state even when a muscle is at rest

76
Q

Tendons

A

Attach muscle to bone and wrap around joints

77
Q

Nonaxial movement

A

Least complex, joint movement that happens without an axis of movement; gliding/sliding motions

78
Q

What joint shape is allowed by non axial movement and what are examples

A

Plane joint, intercarpal and intertarsal joints

79
Q

Uniaxial movement

A

Allows for movement of a joint around a single axis

80
Q

What type of movement is allowed by uniaxial movement

A

Flexion, extension, rotation

81
Q

What joint shapes are allowed by uniaxial movement

A

Hinge and pivot joint

82
Q

Biaxial movement

A

Allows for movement of a joint around two axes

83
Q

What type of movement is allowed by biaxial movement

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

84
Q

What joint shapes are allowed by biaxial movement

A

Condylar and saddle joint shapes

85
Q

Multiaxial movement

A

Allows for movement of a joint around multiple axes

86
Q

What movement is allowed by multiaxial movement

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction AND rotation

87
Q

What joint shape is allowed by multiaxial movement

A

Ball-and-socket joint

88
Q

Temporomandibular joint

A

Where the mandible articulates with the temporal bone

89
Q

What joint shape is the TMJ joint

A

Hinge.

90
Q

What divides the synovial cavity of the TMJ joint into superior and inferior portions?

A

Articular disc

91
Q

Superior portion of TMJ joint

A

Allows lateral excursion; wiggling jaw left to right

92
Q

Inferior portion of TMJ joint

A

Allows elevation/depression; associated with chewing

93
Q

What is the most freely moving joint in the body

A

Glenohumeral joint

94
Q

Glenohumeral joint

A

Where the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula

95
Q

Coracohumeral ligament ; how many and where are they found

A

Only 1 , Found on the back of the shoulder

96
Q

Glenohumeral ligaments, how many and where are they found

A

Maximum of 3, found on the front of the shoulder

97
Q

Rotator cuff

A

4 muscles and their tendons encircle the joint, found in Glenohumeral joint

98
Q

Glenoid labrum, how does it provide stability?

A

Ring of cartilage tissue attached to outside of glenoid fossa. Prevents joint from being pulled apart

99
Q

Elbow joint

A

Where the humerus articulates with the ulna

100
Q

What is stability on the elbow joint provided by?

A

Close fit of trochlea and trochlear notch, muscle and tendon of arm muscles wrap around the elbow

101
Q

Ulnar collateral ligament

A

Stabilitizes elbow on medial side

102
Q

Radial collateral ligament

A

Stabilizes elbow on lateral side

103
Q

Coxal joint

A

Where the head of the femur articulates with the ox coxa

104
Q

Acetabular labrum

A

Ring of cartilage tissue that deepens fossa, holding femur in place better

105
Q

What are the ligaments if the Articular capsule on the coxal joint

A

Iliofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament

106
Q

Ligamentum teres

A

Ligament of the head of the femur. Extends from head of femur to inner surface of acetabulum

107
Q

Knee joint

A

Single joint cavity shared by 3 separate joints

108
Q

Femoropatellar joint, what joint shape and what type of movement

A

Between the patella and femur; plane joint, nonaxial

109
Q

Tibiofemoral joint- what type of joint shape is this

A

Between femur and tibia, hinge joints

110
Q

Menisci, what is its function

A

Thin layer of fibrous cartilage at the outer margins of Tibiofemoral joints; absorbs shock

111
Q

Extracapsular and capsular ligaments, what are the functions

A

Prevent hyperextension of knee

112
Q

Crucial ligaments

A

Secure articulating bones and prevent displacement

113
Q

Anterior cruciate ligament

A

Prevents forward sliding of tibia and prevents hyperextension of knee

114
Q

Posterior cruciate ligament

A

Prevents backward sliding of tibia and forward sliding of femur

115
Q

Arthritis

A

Most widespread disease in North America

116
Q

Arthritis can be inflammatory or degenerative. What does each term mean for the joint affected

A

Inflammatory: Joint tissue swells up, fluid accumulates leading up to pain

Degenerative: Joint tissue is being broken down and destroyed

117
Q

Acute arthritis

A

Bacterial, inflammatory, can be treated with antibiotics- Short term

118
Q

Chronic arthritis

A

Inflammatory/degenerative, long lasting
Progressive and becomes worse overtime

119
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Most common form, progresses slowly , irreversible

120
Q

What increases the likelihood of developing osteoarthritis?

A

Never using a joint, being over 60, being female

121
Q

What is osteoarthritis caused by

A

More Articular cartilage being destroyed than is replaced

122
Q

Bone spurs

A

Abnormal bone formation

123
Q

What happens to a joint in osteoarthritis

A

Bone ends deform and movement at a joint is restricted, joint locks

124
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Autoimmune chronic inflammatory disorder

125
Q

What does bilateral mean in terms of rheumatoid arthritis

A

Seen on the same part of the body but on the other side

126
Q

How does rheumatoid arthritis affect joints

A

Joints of fingers, wrist, ankles and feet are most likely to be affected

127
Q

Periods of remission and flare-ups are associated with what?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

128
Q

What is the first stage of rheumatoid arthritis

A

Synovial membrane becomes inflamed

129
Q

2nd stage of rheumatoid arthritis

A

Lymphocytes and macrophages flood area to destroy cause of inflammation

130
Q

This stage of rheumatoid arthritis

A

Synovial fluid builds up and forms a pannus

131
Q

What is a pannus

A

Thickening of synovial membrane

132
Q

What happens once a pannus is formed

A

Cartilage tissue is broken down over time

133
Q

Ankylosis

A

Bones fuse together where cartilage/joints used to be

134
Q

What happens to the movement of bones in rheumatoid arthritis

A

Bones are locked and there is a loss of mobility because bones can’t move relative to one another

Anatomy LECTURE (4 decks)

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