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Anatomy LECTURE > Chapter 11: Nervous system And Nervous Tissue Fundamentals > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Nervous system And Nervous Tissue Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three branches of the nervous system

A

Peripheral, central and autonomic

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2
Q

Sensory input of the nervous system

A

Monitors changes that happen inside and outside the body

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3
Q

What is responsible for sensory input?

A

Sensory receptors throughout the body that respond to particular stimuli

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4
Q

Integration

A

Processing and interpreting the input information. The nervous system is deciding what response to make

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5
Q

What is responsible for integration?

A

The brain

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6
Q

Motor output

A

Response is carried out

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7
Q

What is responsible for motor output?

A

Effector organs (organs that carry out the response)

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8
Q

What is the Central Nervous System composed of?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

What is the function of the central nervous system

A

Interpreting sensory input and deciding motor output

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10
Q

The peripheral nervous system

A

Composed of nerves that extend from the CNS to the rest of the body

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11
Q

Why is the function of the peripheral nervous system essential

A

If the PNS did not exist, your brain would have no idea of what is going on with the rest of the body

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12
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells that respond to stimuli and transmit electrical signals

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13
Q

Why are neurons important

A

Without neurons we wouldn’t be able to send and receive messages

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14
Q

Neuroglia (glial cells)

A

Provide support and maintenance to neurons

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15
Q

Why are neuroglia important

A

They make sure neurons are functioning how they should be

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16
Q

Astrocytes; what system and their function

A

Central nervous system, they support and protect neurons

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17
Q

What are the 3 main functions of astrocytes

A

Provide nutrient supply, migration of neurons, clean up outside neuron cdlls

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18
Q

Microglial cells , what system and what is its purpose

A

CNS, ensure the nervous system is functioning normally and cleans out what shouldn’t be therr

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19
Q

What are the 2 main function of microglial cells

A

Monitor neuron health, and clean up dead or useless neurons

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20
Q

Why is microglial cells transforming into a macrophage and phagocytizing a neuron important?

A

Without this, a cell would have a build up of dead and dying neurons in their nervous system which would interfere with the transmission of electrical signals between the healthy functional neurons

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21
Q

Ependymal cells, what system and function

A

CNS, circulate cerebrospinal fluid with cilia, protects central nervous system

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22
Q

Satellite cells, what system and function

A

PNS, support and protect neuron cell to ensure the cell is getting what it needs

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23
Q

A satellite cell is functionally similar to what type of CNS cell?

A

Astrocytes

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24
Q

Oligodendrocytes & Schwann cells, what systems and functions

A

Oligodendrocytes are CNS, Schwann cells are PNS. Function is to create an insulating covering for neurons

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25
Q

How is insulating useful for neurons

A

Ensures that electrical impulses move from point A to point B very quickly allowing neurons to send messages faster

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26
Q

Neurons; what are the electrical signals they produce called?

A

Cells of the nervous system specialized to generate or transmit electrical signals

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27
Q

Describe each characteristic for neurons: Longevity, amitotic, metabolism

A

Longevity: If neurons are healthy they can function for an entire lifetime
Amitotic: Cannot reproduce mitotically, neurons cannot be reproduced
Metabolism: Neurons have high metabolic rates, they produce ATP for necessary functions

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28
Q

Cell body of a neuron & its function

A

Portion of cell containing the nucleus
Function: Plasma membrane receives information from neurons

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29
Q

Why is it helpful to have cell bodies surrounded by bone?

A

Reduces the chance of destruction of the cell body, which would destroy the entire neurons function

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30
Q

Nuclei

A

Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

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31
Q

Ganglia

A

Clusters of neurons in the PNS

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32
Q

Dendrites

A

The main receptive region of a neuron, first part of a cell that receives a message

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33
Q

What is the function of dendrites

A

Provide increased surface area for incoming signals, convey incoming message toward the cell body

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34
Q

What would happens if there were no dendrites?

A

Neurons would be unable to function because they would not be able to receive signals

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35
Q

Axon, what is its function

A

Nerve fiber that conducts messages from the neuron . Transmits nerve impulses away from the body

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36
Q

How many axons does a neuron ever have

A

One

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37
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of axons in the CNS

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38
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of axons in the PNS

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39
Q

Axon terminals, what is its function

A

Neurotransmitters are released at axon terminals to pass the impulse to the next neuron

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40
Q

Myelin sheaths, what is its function

A

Protects and insulates long and large nerve fibers to increase speed at which impulses are transmitted

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41
Q

Where are myelin sheaths found

A

Only on axon portion of the neuron

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42
Q

Are all axons myelinated?

A

No

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43
Q

What happens to transmission speed for unmyelinated axons?

A

An axon that is left uncovered will carry that message a little more slowly compared to an axon that is myelinated

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44
Q

Myelin sheath gaps, where are they found

A

Found on Schwann cells in PNS. Axon is exposed due to absence of shwann cell covering

45
Q

Sensory (afferent neurons)

A

Afferent neurons transmit signals from the body TO the CNS

46
Q

Motor (efferent) neurons

A

Transmit motor response from the CNS to the body

47
Q

Interneuron, what is their function

A

In between sensory and motor neurons, pass signals through CNS pathways where integration occurs

48
Q

Why is communication between interneurons necessary or helpful?

A

Allows interneurons to interpret information correctly and send out the correct motor response

49
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of a cell

A

-70mV

50
Q

What is the reason for a cells negatively charged membrane potential

A

The inside of a cell is more negatively charged than the outside. This is due to leaky potassium channels

51
Q

What happens if a neuron loses its ability to change its resting membrane potential

A

It has completely lost its function and will no longer do anything for the human body

52
Q

What is the cause of change in resting membrane potential of neurons

A

Changing the permeability of the plasma membrane to one or more ions

53
Q

Leakage (non- gated) channels

A

Always open, allow free flow of ions from one side of the plasma membrane to another

54
Q

Gated proteins

A

Part of protein forms a gate that must be opened before ions can move

55
Q

Type of gated proteins

A

Chemically, voltage, mechanically

56
Q

Chemically gated

A

Only open when a certain chemical binds to protein

57
Q

Voltage gated

A

Open and lose in response to changing membrane potential

58
Q

Mechanically gated

A

Open in response to physical deformation of receptor

59
Q

Depolarization

A

Decrease in membrane potential, inside of membrane becomes less negative than resting potential

60
Q

Excitation (of a neuron), does this make the neuron more or less likely to send a message?

A

More likely; the excitation of a neuron is what allows them to produce and send messages to different parts of the body

61
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Increase in membrane potential, inside of the membrane becomes more negative than resting potential

62
Q

What does hyper-polarization do in regards to a neuron?

A

Inhibits a neuron

63
Q

Does inhibiting a neuron make the neuron more or less likely to send a message?

A

You are making the cell membrane more negative than the resting potential which means you’re preventing the ability to generate electrical impulses that are serving as messages

64
Q

Graded potentials

A

The magnitude varies with the stimulus strength

65
Q

What distances do graded potentials occur over and how long do they last

A

Short distances and they die off quickly

66
Q

Graded potentials, depolarizing, hyper-polarizing or both

A

Can be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing

67
Q

What is the function of graded potentials

A

Graded potentials are necessary to initiate an action potential

68
Q

Where are graded potentials most likely to occur on a neuron

A

Dendrites

69
Q

Action potentials, what does it go from to?

A

A very brief reversal of membrane potential. From -70 mV to +30 mV

70
Q

Where are action potentials produced

A

Neurons and muscle cells

71
Q

Where does an action potential occur on a neuron

A

The axon

72
Q

Trigger point

A

Change in membrane potential from graded potential causes voltage gated channels to open at this point

73
Q

Generation of an action potential involves what

A

Opening of voltage gated ion channels in response to changing membrane potential

74
Q

Activation gate

A

Voltage sensitive, opens at depolarization

75
Q

Inactivation gate

A

Blocks channel to prevent Na+ movement across membrane

76
Q

How many gates does K+ have and when does it open

A

Potassium has one gate that slowly opens at repolarization

77
Q

What kind of event are action potentials

A

Depolarizing

78
Q

How does the nervous system discriminate between a strong stimulus and weak stimulus ?

A

The strength of stimuli / How often action potentials are fired

79
Q

Strong stimuli

A

Impulses are sent more frequently

80
Q

Weak stimuli

A

Impulses sent less frequently

81
Q

Refractory period

A

A second action potential cannot be generated at an axon, downtime for the neuron

82
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Begins when Na+ gated channels open, continues until Na+ channels reset to their original state

83
Q

Importance of absolute refractory period

A

Each AP is its own separate event, one way transmission of AP

84
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Occurs after absolute refractory period. Strong stimuli can generate an AP

85
Q

Why can a strong stimulus generate an AP during the relative refractory period?

A

Hyper-polarization causes mV to be more negative and need stronger stimulus to reach threshold

86
Q

Why should some impulses be conducted more quickly?

A

Some impulses are more life threatening than others

87
Q

Speed is dependent on what two factors

A

Axon diameter and degree of myelination

88
Q

How is speed dependent on axon diameter and why

A

Larger axon= faster conduction. The movement of ions across a large diameter axon is faster

89
Q

How does the Degree of myelination relate to speed

A

More myelination means a faster conduction

90
Q

Continuous conduction

A

Unmyelinated fibers, voltage gated ion channels are adjacent for the entire length of the axon

91
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Myelinated fibers, voltage gated ion channels found ONLY in myelin sheath gaps. AP generated in myelin sheath gap

92
Q

Where are signals transmitted between a neuron

A

Synapse

93
Q

Synapse

A

Where two neurons meet each other and communicate

94
Q

Presynaptic neurons

A

Conduct impulses toward the synapse, neurons that send the messsge

95
Q

Postsynaptic neurons

A

Conduct signal away from the synapse. Receive the message

96
Q

What are 3 ways that a neurotransmitter can be disposed of

A

Reuptake, degradation, diffusion

97
Q

Postsynaptic potentials

A

Temporary change in membrane potential of the Postsynaptic neuron

98
Q

Where is a Postsynaptic potential observed on the neuron

A

Dendrites

99
Q

Graded potentials vary in strength according to what 2 factors

A

The amount of neurotransmitter released, and how long the neurotransmitter stays in synaptic cleft

100
Q

Excitatory post synaptic potential

A

Binding of neurotransmitter causes the membrane to depolarize

101
Q

Can a single EPSP induce an AP alone

A

No, several EPSP’s will summate to generate an AP

102
Q

Temporal summation

A

Postsynaptic neuron receives multiple EPSPs in rapid fire order

103
Q

Is each EPSP received by the Postsynaptic neuron at the same time?

A

No, they are all individual events

104
Q

Spatial summation

A

Postsynaptic neuron receives multiple EPSPs at the same time

105
Q

Inhibitory Postsynaptic potential

A

Binding of neurotransmitter causes the membrane to hyperpolarize

106
Q

Does an IPSP increase or decrease the chance of generating an action potential

A

Decreases the chance of

107
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical signals produced in the cell body that are transported to the axon terminal

108
Q

Channel linked receptors

A

Mediate fast synaptic transmission

109
Q

G protein couple receptors

A

Response is indirect and prolonged

Anatomy LECTURE (4 decks)

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