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Intro Biology > Chapter 8 - Introduction to Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Introduction to Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

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2
Q

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe

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3
Q

What is an emergent property of life which arises from orderly interactions between molecules?

A

Metabolism

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4
Q

Metabolism

A

The totality of all chemical reactions in an organism.

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5
Q

When a molecule is altered in a series of defined steps which results in a specific product. It is referred to as a ________________ .

A

Metabolic Pathway

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6
Q

In a metabolic pathway. Each step is _________ by a specific ____________ .

A

catalyzed; enzyme

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7
Q

A ____________ that speeds up a specific reaction is an __________ .

A

macromolecule; enzyme

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8
Q

A process which breaks down complex molecules to simpler compounds is a ___________________ .

A

catabolic pathway

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9
Q

___________ consume energy to build complex molecules from simple molecules.

A

Anabolic Pathways

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10
Q

In _________ energy is stored by building bonds between atoms.

A

dehydration synthesis

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11
Q

In ____________ , bonds between atoms are broken to release energy.

A

Hydrolysis

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12
Q

When you ________ a reaction, you increase the speed of the reaction.

A

Catalyze

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13
Q

________ is the capacity to cause change.

A

Energy

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14
Q

________ is _______ associated with the relative motion of objects.

A

Kinetic energy

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15
Q

_______ is ________ associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules.

A

Thermal energy

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16
Q

The study of energy transformations which occur in a collection of matter is called ____________

A

Thermodynamics

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17
Q

______ is in transfer from one object to another is called _______.

A

Thermal Energy; Heat

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18
Q

_________ is the _______ available for release in a chemical reaction.

A

Chemical energy; potential energy

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19
Q

_______ is a measure of molecular disorder or randomness.

A

Entropy

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20
Q

__________ prevents the transfer of energy.

A

Insulation

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21
Q

In an ___________ , energy and matter can be transferred between a system and its surroundings.

A

open system

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22
Q

An organism is an ________ system

A

Open

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23
Q

In a _________ , a process can proceed without requiring an input of energy.

A

spontaneous process

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24
Q

A __________ requires an input of energy to proceed.

A

nonspontaneous process

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25
Q

_________ is the portion of a system’s energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform.

A

Free Energy

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26
Q

Equation for the change in free energy.

A

(Delta)G = (Delta)H - T(Delta)S

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27
Q

A spontaneous process will have a ________ (Delta)G

A

negative

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28
Q

A nonspontaneous process will have a ________ (delta)G

A

positive

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29
Q

An _________ reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy.

A

exergonic

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30
Q

A __________ requires an input of energy to proceed.

A

Endergonic

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31
Q

An exergonic reaction is a _________ reaction

A

downhill

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32
Q

An endergonic reaction is __________.

A

uphill

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33
Q

In ________ cells use an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.

A

energy coupling

34
Q

__________ is the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule

A

phosphorylation

35
Q

(delta)H is

A

change in enthalpy (or total energy)

36
Q

(Delta)S

A

Change in entropy

37
Q

If (delta)G is negative, a system uses _______ and becomes more _______.

A

free energy; stable

38
Q

The point at which forward and reverse actions occur at the same rate.

A

Equilibrium

39
Q

A ________ is a macromolecule that acts a catalyst.

A

Enzyme

40
Q

A _____ is a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by a reaction.

A

Catalyst

41
Q

__________ is the initial investment of energy required to start a reaction.

A

activation energy

42
Q

_______ speed up chemical reactions by lowering __________

A

Enzymes; energy barriers.

43
Q

___________ catalyzes the breakdown of ________ to glucose and fructoes

A

sucrase; sucrose

44
Q

Every chemical reaction between molecules involves ___________ and __________.

A

Bond breaking; bond forming

45
Q

_______ is the initial amount of energy required to break the bonds in reactants.

A

Activation Energy E(sub)A

46
Q

When enough energy is absorbed to break bonds; molecules become unstable. This is the _________.

A

Transition State

47
Q

_______ in the form of ________ often supplies activation energy.

A

Thermal energy; heat

48
Q

As atoms settle into new, more stable bonds, energy is ____________

A

released to the surroundings.

49
Q

In an exercongic reaction, ________ energy is released into the surroundings than was invested in breaking the old bonds.

A

more

50
Q

Catalysis

A

The process by which a catalyst selectively speeds up a reaction without itself being consumed

51
Q

An enzyme catalyzes a reaction by lowering the ___________ enough for the reaction to occur at moderate temperatures.

A

Activation Energy barrier

52
Q

Can an enzyme change the amount of free energy in a system?

A

No. It only speeds up a reaction that would eventually occur anyway.

53
Q

substrate

A

The reactant that an enzyme acts on.

54
Q

If an enzyme binds to a substrate. It forms an ________

A

Enzyme substrate complex.

55
Q

The _____ is the region on the enzyme, often a pocket or groove, that binds to the substrate

A

active site

56
Q

Interactions between chemical groups on the substrate and the active site create an

A

induced fit

57
Q

The substrate is typically held in the enzyme’s active site by ________.

A

weak bonds

58
Q

How do you speed up the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

A

Increase the concentration of substrate

59
Q

When all enzyme molecules have their active sites engaged, the enzyme is ______________.

A

saturated

60
Q

If the enzyme is saturated, the reaction rate can only be sped up by:

A

adding more enzyme

61
Q

Enzyme activity can be affected by environmental factors, such as ___________ and __________.

A

temperature: pH

62
Q

If you go over the optimal temperature of an enzyme, the reaction rate will _______

A

decrease

63
Q

An enzyme that works in the stomach would work at a pH of about

A

2

64
Q

An enzyme that works in the intestine would work at a pH of about

A

8

65
Q

Nonprotein helpers that bind to the enzyme permanently, or reversibly with the substrate

A

Cofactors

66
Q

Inorganic cofactors

A

iron; copper zinc (all ions)

67
Q

Organic cofactors are called

A

coenzymes

68
Q

What is an example of an organic coenzyme?

A

A vitamin

69
Q

Enzymes are selectively inhibited by:

A

Enzyme inhibitors

70
Q

Are the actions of an enzyme inhibitor permanent?

A

If the inhibitor bonds to an enzyme using a covalent bond, the inhibition is usually irreversible. Many inhibitors however bond using weak bonds. In this case the inhibition can be temporary.

71
Q

A ___________ closely resembles a substrate and can bind to an enzymes active site.

A

competitive inhibitor

72
Q

How would you overcome an enzyme inhibitor?

A

Increase the amount of substrate.

73
Q

What inhibitor binds to an enzyme away from the active site?

A

A noncompetitive inhibitor. It changes the shape of the enzyme. This makes the active site less effective at catalyzing the reaction.

74
Q

What are examples of enzyme inhibitors?

A

Toxins; pesticides, sarin gas

75
Q

Why are enzymes important in metabolism?

A

Enzyme activity allows metabolic pathways to work.

76
Q

How to cells regulate metabolism?

A

By switching on or off the genes that code for specific enzymes. Another way is to regulate the activity of specific enzymes.

77
Q

In ______________________ the end product of a pathway shuts down that pathway.

A

feedback regulation

78
Q

What prevents a cell from wasting resources by producing more product than is needed?

A

Feedback inhibition.

79
Q

When a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects the protein’s function at another site

A

Allosteric regulation

80
Q

What is the effect of Allosteric Regulation?

A

To inhibit or stimulate enzyme activity.

81
Q

In ___________, substrate binding to one active site triggers a shape change in the enzyme that stabilizes the active form for all other sites

A

cooperativity

Intro Biology (9 decks)

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