Chapter 8: Intelligence and Individual Differences in Cognition

Question 1

Psychometrician

Answer 1

A psychologist who specializes in the measurement of psychological characteristics such as intelligence and personality.

Question 2

fluid intelligence

Answer 2

the ability to perceive relations among stimuli; problem-solving and abstract reasoning ability that is not dependent on specific knowledge. (Sequential reasoning, Induction, Quantitative reasoning)

Question 3

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 3

A persons culturally influenced accumulated knowledge and skills, including understanding printed language, comprehending language, and knowing vocabulary. (Printed language, Language comprehension, Vocabulary knowledge)

Question 4

Linguistic Intelligence

Answer 4

Knowing the meanings of words, having the ability to use words to understand new ideas, and using language to convey ideas to others

Question 5

Logical Mathematical intelligence

Answer 5

Understanding relations that exist among objects, actions, and ideas, as well as the logical or mathematical operations that can be performed on them

Question 6

Spatial Intelligence

Answer 6

Perceiving objects accurately and imagining in the “mind’s eye” the appearance of an object before and after it has been transformed

Question 7

Musical Intelligence

Answer 7

Comprehending and producing sounds varying in pitch, rhythm, and emotional tone

Question 8

Body-kinesthetic Intelligence

Answer 8

Using one’s body in highly differentiated ways, as dancers, craftspeople, and athletes do

Question 9

Interpersonal Intelligence

Answer 9

Identifying different feelings, moods, motivations, and intentions in others

Question 10

Intrapersonal Intelligence

Answer 10

Understanding one’s emotions and knowing one’s strengths and weaknesses

Question 11

Naturalistic Intelligence

Answer 11

Understanding the natural world, distinguishing natural objects from artifacts, grouping and labelling natural phenomena

Question 12

Existential Intelligence

Answer 12

Considering “ultimate” issues, such as the purpose of life and the nature of death

Question 13

Sternberg’s Theory of Successful Intelligence

Answer 13

the skillful use of one’s abilities to achieve one’s personal goals. Goals can be short term (getting an A on a test) or longer term (having a successful career and a happy family life). Achieving these goals by using one’s skills defines successful intelligence.

Question 14

Analytic Ability

Answer 14

In Robert Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the ability to analyze problems and generate different solutions

Question 15

Creative ability

Answer 15

In Robert Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the ability to deal adaptively with novel situations and problems.

Question 16

Practical ability

Answer 16

In Robert Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the ability to know which solutions to problems are likely to work.

Question 17

IQ (intelligence quotient)

Answer 17

the ratio of mental age to chronological age (CA), multiplied by 100

Question 18

Infant Tests: Bayley Scale

Answer 18

consist of five scales: cognitive, language, motor, social-emotional, and adaptive behaviour.

Question 19

Dynamic assessment

Answer 19

An approach to intelligence testing that measures a child’s learning potential by having the child learn something new in the presence of the examiner and with the examiner’s help

Question 20

Response to Intervention

Answer 20

An approach to education that relies on individualized classroom interventions and monitoring of progress

Question 21

Collectivity

Answer 21

The concept that interdependence of the members of the community is important.

Question 22

stereotype threat

Answer 22

The self-fulfilling prophecy in which knowledge of stereotypes leads to anxiety and reduced performance consistent with the original stereotype.

Question 23

Gifted

Answer 23

individuals with intelligence test scores of at least 130.

Question 24

Divergent Thinking

Answer 24

thinking in novel and unusual directions.

Question 25

Intellectual disability

Answer 25

A disorder formerly known as mental retardation in which, before 18 years of age, individuals have substantially below-average intelligence and problems adapting to an environment

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders from the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-5), intellectual disability “is characterized by deficits in general mental abilities, such as reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience”

Question 26

4 factors that place individuals at risk for intellectual disability:

Answer 26

biomedical factors, including chromosomal disorders, malnutrition, and traumatic brain injury

social factors, such as poverty and impaired parent-child interactions

behavioural factors, such as child neglect or domestic violence

educational factors, including impaired parenting and inadequate special education services

Question 27

Learning Disorder

Answer 27

the condition in which a child with normal intelligence has difficulty mastering at least one academic subject.

Question 28

impaired reading comprehension

Answer 28

Difficulties in understanding words that have been read successfully

Question 29

Snowling and Hulme’s theory

Answer 29

both kinds of knowledge are limited in children with impaired reading comprehension. For example, in reading “The girl could not predict the winner”, children with impaired reading comprehension may read “predict” accurately but not understand the sentence because they don’t know the meaning of “predict”.

children with impaired reading comprehension have intact phonological skills but limited knowledge of word meanings and grammar.