Chapter 8 - Intelligence and Individual Differences in Cognition Flashcards
What is intelligence?
Intelligence is the ability to be able to acquire and retain knowledge
What was Spearman’s Psychometric theory?
Spearman fundamentally said that tests measure general intelligence
What is general intelligence?
General intelligence is a combination of specific intelligence: mechanical, spatial, numerical and verbal, which are 4 topics that are combined to create a person’s general intelligence
What was Thurstone’s Psychometric theory?
Thurstone had a theory of multiple intelligences and that rather than combining them, we should look and measure intelligence in different domains which should allow us to see that intelligence is a complicated and unclear concept
What is fluid intelligence?
Fluid intelligence is the ability to see relations amongst stimuli, and see connections in new things. Someone that has a higher level of fluid intelligence has more effective assimilation of new information
What is crystalized intelligence?
Knowledge and skills are accumulated within one culture. It’s based on facts, and increases with age because you get to know more.`
What is Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences?
This theory draws upon research in child development, brain damaged adults and exceptional talent and proposes 9 intelligences
What are the 9 intelligences in Gardner’s theory?
Linguistic, Logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, existential
What did Gardner believe in regards to educational settings?
Gardner believed that schools should foster all intelligence and be aware of each individual’s profile of intelligence, and that teachers should be aware that children learn differently
What is emotional intelligence?
The ability to perceive emotions accurately. People with high EI have more satisfying interpersonal relationships
What is successful intelligence?
Successful intelligence involves using one’s abilities skillfully to achieve personal goals
Explain Sternberg’s theory of Successfull Intelligence
For Sternberg, it is not enough to measure one’s ability but to know how well one can use it to achieve their personal goals
What are the three different abilities involved in successful intelligence?
Analytic ability, Creative ability, and Practical Ability
Explain analytic ability
Analytic ability focuses on analyzing problems and generating creative solutions to the problems. It is taking the mental steps to solve problems, and breaking things down into parts
Explain creative ability
Creative ability involves being able to be flexible with situations that arise with problems. It also involves the use of experience in ways that foster insight
Explain practical ability
Practical ability is knowing what solution or plan will actually work. It is the ability to read and adapt to the contexts of everyday life
Who determined the equation for IQ and what is it?
Lewis Terman, and your mental age, multiplied by your chronological age, x 100
_____ of children have an IQ between 85 and 115
2/3rds
Are IQ test scores stable over time?
TLDR: Yes and No. Tests that are given to infants do not predict IQ accurately for later in life. But they tend to be stable after the age of 6.
IQ tests are reasonable predictors of ________ in school
success
What is dynamic testing?
Dynamic testing is testing that is ongoing.
What is RTI (Response to intervention)?
RTI is a more recent approach that helps in determining where it might be needed for a school system to intervene in a child’s education
What is validity?
Validity is whether a test is measuring what it is intended to measure.
What is high intelligence associated with?
High intelligence is associated with resiliency and being more likely to complete high school and attend college
What is low intelligence?
Low intelligence is associated with adult illiteracy, delinquency, criminal behaviour, and may add to a child’s vulnerability
What do children’s IQ tests measure?
IQ tests measure a child’s basic capacity (underlying competence)
What do children’s achievement tests measure?
Achievement tests intend to measure what a child has actually learned (performance)
Explain the influence of heredity in IQ
Identical twins are more like each other than fraternal twins and adopted children IQs are similar to natural parents
What is meant by the term ‘shared environment’
Characteristics of a family that affect all children in the household
What is meant by the term ‘nonshared environment’
Characteristics of a family that affect one child but not others in the household
What is a cumulative deficit?
A cumulative deficit is any difference between groups in IQ or achievement test scores that becomes larger overtime.
What are culture-fair intelligence tests?
They are intelligence tests that include test items based on experiences common to many cultures
