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ENV IGCSE > Chapter 8: Human Population > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Human Population Flashcards

1
Q

Q: What is population density?

A

A: Population density is the number of people per unit area.

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2
Q

Q: Where are populations typically very high?

A

A: Populations are typically very high in coastal areas due to the availability of fresh water.

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2
Q

Q: What does population distribution refer to?

A

A: Population distribution refers to how the population is spread over an area.

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3
Q

Q: What is the lag phase in population growth?

A

A: The lag phase is when an organism is adapting to its new environment and growth is slow.

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4
Q

Q: What occurs during the log/exponential phase of population growth?

A

A: The growth rate of a population increases rapidly as all requirements are in superabundance.

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5
Q

Q: What is the stationary phase in population growth?

A

A: The stationary phase is when the growth rate slows to zero as the carrying capacity is reached.

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6
Q

Q: What is carrying capacity?

A

A: Carrying capacity is the maximum size of a population that an environment can support with available resources.

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7
Q

Q: How many people were living about 10,000 years ago?

A

A: About 5 million people were living as hunter-gatherers.

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8
Q

Q: When did human population reach 1 billion?

A

A: The human population reached 1 billion approximately 1800 years after modern counting began.

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9
Q

Q: What is the birth rate?

A

A: The birth rate is the number of live births per thousand of the population per year.

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9
Q

Q: What was the global population by 1930?

A

A: The global population was 2 billion by 1930.

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9
Q

Q: How much did the world population increase from 1975 to 2016?

A

A: It increased by over 3 billion, reaching over 7 billion by 2016.

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10
Q

Q: Why are birth rates high in countries with high infant mortality?

A

A: High infant mortality rates lead to higher birth rates as families have more children to ensure some survive.

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10
Q

Q: What is the death rate?

A

A: The death rate is the number of deaths per thousand of the population per year.

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11
Q

Q: What is a common migration trend in LEDCs?

A

A: The most common migration trend in LEDCs is from rural to urban areas.

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11
Q

Q: What is natural increase in population terms?

A

A: Natural increase is the difference between birth rate and death rate.

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12
Q

Q: What is migration?

A

A: Migration is the movement of people into (immigration) or out of (emigration) a region or country.

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12
Q

Q: What is the impact of pensions on birth rates in MEDCs?

A

A: In MEDCs, pensions reduce the need for children to provide care in old age, leading to lower birth rates.

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13
Q

Q: What are pull factors in migration?

A

A: Pull factors are conditions that attract people to a new area, such as well-paid jobs or good services.

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13
Q

Q: What are push factors in migration?

A

A: Push factors are conditions that encourage people to leave an area, such as drought or poverty.

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13
Q

Q: What does a population pyramid show?

A

A: A population pyramid shows the proportion of the population that is male and female in different age groups.

13
Q

Q: What is an expanding (young) population pyramid?

A

A: An expanding pyramid has a high proportion of young people and is typical of LEDCs with high birth rates.

14
Q

Q: What characterizes a stationary population pyramid?

A

A: A stationary pyramid is rectangular with a balanced proportion of different age groups and is typical of MEDCs.

14
Q

Q: What is a contracting (old) population pyramid?

A

A: A contracting pyramid is top-heavy with a declining population due to low birth rates and low death rates, typical of countries like Japan.

15
Q

Q: Who are considered dependants in a population?

A

A: Dependants are people who are not economically active, such as those under 16 and over 65.

16
Q

Q: Who are considered independents in a population?

A

A: Independents are economically active people, typically aged between 17 and 65.

16
Q

Q: What are the primary uses of taxes from the independent population?

A

A: Taxes are used for education, healthcare for the elderly, and providing services for dependants.

16
Q

Q: What is family planning?

A

A: Family planning involves methods used by couples to decide the number and timing of their children.

17
Q

Q: How does improved health and education affect population growth?

A

A: Improved health and education increase awareness of family planning methods and reduce birth rates.

18
Q

Q: What is a pronatalist policy?

A

A: A pronatalist policy encourages couples to have more children, often through financial incentives and subsidies.

19
Q

Q: What is an antinatalist policy?

A

A: An antinatalist policy aims to discourage high birth rates through measures like family planning and contraception.

20
Q

Q: What is the impact of high infant mortality on family size?

A

A: High infant mortality leads to larger family sizes as parents have more children to ensure some survive.

21
Q

Q: What role does contraception play in population control?

A

A: Contraception helps prevent unwanted pregnancies, thereby reducing birth rates.

22
Q

Q: How do pensions influence family size in MEDCs?

A

A: Pensions reduce the need for children to support parents in old age, leading to smaller family sizes.

23
Q

Q: Why might families in LEDCs have more children?

A

A: Families in LEDCs might have more children due to higher child mortality rates and the need for more labor.

23
Q

Q: What is the effect of urban-to-rural migration in MEDCs?

A

A: Urban-to-rural migration in MEDCs is less common but occurs due to lifestyle choices or economic opportunities.

23
Q

Q: What are examples of pull factors for migration?

A

A: Examples include good job opportunities, high-quality services, and favorable living conditions.

24
Q

Q: What are examples of push factors for migration?

A

A: Examples include drought, famine, poverty, and poor services.

25
Q

Q: What are seasonal weather events’ role in migration?

A
26
Q

Q: How does desertification affect migration?

A

A: Desertification can push people to migrate away from areas affected by land degradation and loss of arable land.

27
Q

Q: What is the role of reforestation in managing population size?

A

A: Reforestation can help improve environmental conditions, which may influence migration patterns and living conditions.

28
Q

Q: What is the impact of high birth rates on infrastructure in LEDCs?

A

A: High birth rates can strain infrastructure and services, leading to challenges in providing adequate resources.

29
Q

Q: What is the role of government in family planning?

A

A: Governments often promote family planning through education, providing contraception, and implementing policies to manage population growth.

30
Q

Q: How do migration patterns affect urban areas?

A

A: Migration patterns can lead to urban overcrowding, increased demand for services, and changes in housing and infrastructure.

31
Q

Q: What is the effect of migration on rural areas in LEDCs?

A

A: Migration can lead to depopulation of rural areas, affecting local economies and agriculture.

32
Q

Q: What is the significance of population pyramids in understanding demographic trends?

A

A: Population pyramids help visualize age distribution and predict future population trends and needs.

33
Q

Q: How do family planning programs contribute to population management?

A

A: Family planning programs help control birth rates, manage resources, and improve quality of life.

34
Q

Q: What factors contribute to the high birth rates in some LEDCs?

A

A: Factors include high infant mortality, need for manual labor, and lower access to contraception.

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36
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ENV IGCSE (9 decks)

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