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ENV IGCSE > Chapter 5: Oceans and Fisheries > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Oceans and Fisheries Flashcards

1
Q

Q: What types of food are sourced from the ocean?

A

A: Fish, including true fish, finfish, shellfish, and other sea animals.

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2
Q

Q: Where are fish primarily located in the ocean?

A

A: On the continental shelves where the water is shallow and light can penetrate.

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2
Q

Q: How does overfishing affect marine biodiversity?

A

A: It reduces biodiversity and disrupts the food chain.

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2
Q

Q: What materials are commonly mined from the ocean?

A

A: Salt, diamonds, sand, and gravel.

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2
Q

Q: What is one environmental impact of mining sand and gravel from the ocean?

A

A: It can cause physical damage to the seabed.

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2
Q

Q: What is upwelling?

A

A: The process where minerals from the ocean floor are brought to the surface by currents.

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2
Q

Q: How is oil extracted from the ocean?

A

A: By offshore drilling rigs.

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2
Q

Q: How is the transport of goods primarily achieved across oceans?

A

A: By ships, though aviation has replaced ships for passenger transport.

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3
Q

Q: Why are fish populations often found in shallow continental shelves?

A

A: Due to abundant oxygen and phytoplankton.

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3
Q

Q: How much energy could be produced if wave energy is fully harnessed?

A

A: Twice the present world energy production.

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3
Q

Q: What is a potential environmental impact of offshore drilling?

A

A: Delicate particle clouds can interfere with photosynthesis and introduce heavy metals into food chains.

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3
Q

Q: What is a limiting factor for phytoplankton growth?

A

A: Light is often the limiting factor, as phytoplankton need light, CO2, and water.

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3
Q

Q: What are some popular seaside tourist activities?

A

A: Diving, snorkeling, windsurfing, jet skiing, deep-sea fishing, and sunbathing.

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3
Q

Q: What causes tidal energy?

A

A: The gravitational pull of the moon and sun causes water in the sea to move up and down twice daily.

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3
Q

Q: What is overfishing?

A

A: When fish are caught faster than they can reproduce, leading to a decline in fish populations.

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3
Q

Q: Where are cold ocean currents typically found?

A

A: Near the north and south poles.

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3
Q

Q: What determines the direction of ocean currents in the Southern Hemisphere?

A

A: They usually move in an anti-clockwise direction.

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3
Q

Q: How can small mesh sizes in fishing nets impact fish populations?

A

A: They catch juvenile fish, reducing the number that grow to maturity and reproduce.

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3
Q

Q: What is a Fish Aggregation Device (FAD)?

A

A: A device that attracts fish together for easier capture but can result in large bycatch.

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3
Q

Q: What phenomenon is described by the term “El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)”?

A

A: A change in prevailing winds that disrupts upwelling and affects fish populations.

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3
Q

Q: What role do international agreements play in managing fisheries?

A

A: They regulate fishing in international waters and aim to conserve marine resources.

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3
Q

Q: Why are fishing quotas sometimes ineffective?

A

A: Fishers may avoid quotas by not declaring their actual catch or using illegal methods.

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3
Q

Q: What is aquaculture?

A

A: The farming of freshwater fish in controlled environments.

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4
Q

Q: What are protected areas and reserves in fisheries management?

A

A: Areas where fishing is restricted or prohibited to protect breeding grounds and fish habitats.

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4
Q

Q: What is the purpose of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)?

A

A: To regulate fisheries in international waters and enforce conservation laws.

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4
Q

Q: What is a common issue with fishing quotas?

A

A: They can be avoided by not declaring the actual catch or using illegal fishing practices.

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4
Q

Q: What is bycatch and why is it problematic?

A

A: Bycatch includes non-target species caught unintentionally, which can lead to declines in these populations and disrupt marine ecosystems.

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4
Q

Q: What challenge is associated with monitoring fishery laws and agreements?

A

A: The vastness of the oceans makes it difficult to effectively monitor and enforce regulations.

4
Q

Q: What is one way tourism impacts the ocean environment?

A

A: Tourism can lead to pollution and habitat disturbance, though it also raises awareness about marine conservation.

4
Q

Q: What is one disadvantage of mariculture?

A

A: It is more prone to diseases and less likely to be successful due to pollution from waste.

4
Q

Q: What is mariculture?

A

A: Aquaculture practiced in marine environments, such as closed sections of the ocean or tanks filled with seawater.

4
Q

Q: What is the purpose of fishing quotas?

A

A: To set limits on the amount and type of fish that can be caught to ensure sustainable fish populations.

4
Q

Q: What is the advantage of pole and line fishing?

A

A: It is very selective and results in almost no bycatch.

4
Q

Q: Why might governments implement closed seasons for fisheries?

A

A: To protect fish during their breeding season and ensure their populations can replenish.

4
Q

Q: What is the Economic Exclusion Zone?

A

A: The zone around a country’s coastline that is under that country’s control.

4
Q

Q: What impact does the resettling of particle clouds from offshore drilling have?

A

A: It interferes with photosynthesis and can introduce heavy metals into the food chain.

4
Q

Q: What is a primary reason for overfishing?

A

A: Increasing demand for fish due to a growing world population.

4
Q

Q: How can illegal fishing practices impact marine conservation efforts?

A

A: They undermine efforts to manage and protect fish populations and habitats effectively.

4
Q

Q: What is bycatch?

A

A: Animals caught unintentionally during fishing, not the target species.

4
Q

Q: Why is it important to use a square mesh panel in fishing nets?

A

A: It helps to reduce bycatch and allows juvenile fish to escape, promoting sustainable fish populations.

4
Q

Q: Why are monitoring organizations more successful in ports?

A

A: Because it is easier to monitor and regulate fishing activities in concentrated areas.

4
Q

Q: How does overexploitation of fisheries affect wild fish populations?

A

A: It leads to declines in wild populations, prompting the need for farming fish in controlled environments.

4
Q

Q: What is a significant challenge associated with extracting diamonds from the ocean floor?

A

A: The ocean floor needs to be dredged, which is a complex process.

4
Q

Q: How does upwelling contribute to the fishing industry?

A

A: Upwelling brings nutrient-rich water to the surface, supporting phytoplankton growth and fish populations.

4
Q

Q: What does the Economic Exclusion Zone encompass?

A

A: The area around a country’s coastline that is controlled by that country for managing marine resources.

5
Q

Q: How does aquaculture help alleviate pressure on wild fish populations?

A

A: It provides a controlled environment for fish farming, reducing the need to catch wild fish.

5
Q

Q: How does wave energy compare to current world energy production?

A

A: Wave energy has the potential to produce twice the present world energy production.

5
Q

Q: How does the gravitational pull of the moon and sun affect tides?

A

A: It causes the water to move up and down twice daily, creating tidal energy.

5
Q

Q: What effect does the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) have on phytoplankton?

A

A: ENSO disrupts upwelling, leading to a decrease in phytoplankton due to nutrient-poor water.

5
Q

Q: What is the significance of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)?

A

A: It establishes guidelines for managing marine resources and protecting ocean environments in international waters.

5
Q

Q: What is one benefit of closed seasons in fisheries management?

A

A: They help protect fish during breeding periods, allowing populations to recover and replenish.

5
Q

Q: What impact does bycatch have on marine ecosystems?

A

A: It can lead to the decline of non-target species and disrupt the balance of marine food chains.

5
Q

Q: What is a potential issue with fishing in protected areas?

A

A: Fishers may trespass into these areas, undermining conservation efforts and impacting fish populations.

5
Q

Q: How do fishing quotas help maintain fish populations?

A

A: They limit the amount and types of fish that can be caught, ensuring that enough fish remain to reproduce and sustain the fishery.

5
Q

Q: What is the purpose of implementing protected areas in fisheries management?

A

A: To conserve fish habitats and ensure breeding populations are maintained.

5
Q

Q: What is a significant advantage of using pole and line fishing methods?

A

A: It is very selective and results in minimal bycatch, making it environmentally friendly.

5
Q

Q: Why is it challenging to enforce international fishing agreements?

A

A: Due to the vastness of the oceans and the potential for illegal fishing activities.

5
Q

Q: How can fish farming benefit marine ecosystems?

A

A: By reducing the pressure on wild fish populations and preventing overfishing.

5
Q

Q: What is a common issue with fishing practices that use small mesh sizes?

A

A: They capture juvenile fish, reducing the number of fish that mature and reproduce.

5
Q

Q: What challenge do monitoring organizations face in managing fisheries?

A

A: The vastness of the oceans makes it difficult to effectively monitor and enforce fishing regulations.

5
Q

Q: What is one disadvantage of aquaculture in terms of environmental impact?

A

A: It can lead to pollution from fish waste, which may affect local ecosystems.

5
Q

Q: How does the use of Fish Aggregation Devices (FADs) affect marine life?

A

A: They can result in large bycatch and capture of younger fish, impacting fish populations.

6
Q

Q: What are some common recreational activities that attract tourists to seaside areas?

A

A: Diving, snorkeling, windsurfing, jet skiing, deep-sea fishing, and sunbathing.

6
Q

Q: How does tidal energy generate electricity?

A

By harnessing the movement of water caused by the gravitational pull of the sun and moon, which creates tidal currents.

7
Q

What environmental impact can occur from sand and gravel mining in the ocean?

A

A: Physical damage to the seabed, which can disrupt marine habitats.

8
Q

Q: What is the main cause of reduced fish size in areas of overfishing?

A

A: The selective removal of larger fish, which leads to an increase in the proportion of smaller fish.

9
Q

Q: What are the main factors that limit phytoplankton growth in the ocean?

A

A: Light availability, carbon dioxide (CO2), and mineral nutrients are essential for phytoplankton photosynthesis.

10
Q

Q: Why is it important to manage fishing nets to avoid catching juvenile fish?

A

A: To ensure that juvenile fish can grow to maturity and reproduce, which helps maintain sustainable fish populations.

ENV IGCSE (9 decks)

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