Chapter 8: Historical Linguistics

Question 1

Diachronic Language Change

Answer 1

Historic change

Question 2

[fifϴs] > [fifs]

Answer 2

Deletion of a consonant

Question 3

[æϴlit] > [æϴəlit]

Answer 3

Insertion of a vowel

Question 4

Partial Assimilation

Answer 4

Involves place or manner of articulation

Question 5

[semda] > [senda]

Answer 5

Partial Assimilation

Question 6

[septem] > [sette]

Answer 6

Total Assimilation

Question 7

[gentem] > [d3ent]

Answer 7

Palatalization

Question 8

[bon] > [bõ]

Answer 8

Nasalization

Question 9

[gōs] > [gus]

Answer 9

Umlaut: fronting of a vowel

Question 10

[anma] > [alma]

Answer 10

Dissimilation: one segment becomes less like another segment

Question 11

[ganra] > [gandra]

Answer 11

Epenthesis

Question 12

[schola] > [escuela]

Answer 12

Epenthesis

Question 13

[wæps] > [wæsp]

Answer 13

Metathesis

Question 14

[mettere] > [meter]

Answer 14

Degemination (weakening)

Question 15

[maturus] > [maduro]

Answer 15

Voicing (weakening)

Question 16

[maduro] > [maðro]

Answer 16

Frication (weakening)

Question 17

[maðyr] > [mûr]

Answer 17

Deletion (weakening)

Question 18

[maiza] > more

Answer 18

Rhoticism (weakening)

Question 19

[cúra] > [cur]

Answer 19

Apocape (deletion)

Question 20

[perdere] > [perdre]

Answer 20

Syncope (deletion)

Question 21

[gros] > [gro]

Answer 21

Consonant deletion (deletion)

Question 22

[juvenis] > [giovane]

Answer 22

Glide Strengthening

Question 23

[d3ent] > [3ent]

Answer 23

Deaffrication

Question 24

[ϴin] > [fin]

Answer 24

Substitution

Question 25

[vit] > [vIt}

Answer 25

Vowel laxing

Question 26

Phonetic Sound Change

Answer 26

Adding, removing, changing an allophone

Question 27

Phonological Sound Change

Answer 27

Changing the inventory of underlying segments in a language

Question 28

Substratum

Answer 28

Lexical borrowing from a non-dominant language into a dominant one

Question 29

Superstratum

Answer 29

Lexical borrowing from a dominant language into a non-dominant one

Question 30

Broadening (Semantic Change)

Answer 30

Meaning becomes more general

Question 31

Narrowing (Semantic Change)

Answer 31

Meaning becomes less general

Question 32

Amelioration (Semantic Change)

Answer 32

Meaning becomes more positive

Question 33

Pejoration (Semantic Change)

Answer 33

Meaning becomes more negative

Question 34

Weakening (Semantic Change)

Answer 34

Meaning is exaggerated

Question 35

Shift (Semantic Change)

Answer 35

Meaning completely changes

Question 36

Lexical Diffusion

Answer 36

Change that occurs word for word

Question 37

Reconstruction

Answer 37

Method of comparing languages to find a language’s earliest form (proto-form)

Question 38

2 Reconstruction Strategies

Answer 38

Majority rules and phonetic plausibility

Question 39

Grimm’s Law

Answer 39

Consonant shifts that take place between Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Germanic