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LING 100b > Chapter 12: Psycholinguistics > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Psycholinguistics Flashcards

1
Q

Spoonerisms

A

A useful source of data about language processing involving slips of the tongue

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2
Q

Spoonerisms show that

A

Utterances are planned before they are articualted

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3
Q

You have hissed all my mystery lectures

A

Spoonerism

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4
Q

I’d forgot abouten that

A

Spoonerism

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5
Q

There is no way to analyze slips of tongue because it is a

A

Field technique

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6
Q

two experimental methods used to study the organization of the mental lexicon are

A
  1. Lexical decision

2. Priming

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7
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Variables that are measured

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8
Q

Response latency

A

The time to Respond

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9
Q

Response Accuracy

A

The correctness/incorrectness of the response

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10
Q

Lexical Decision Task

A

Participants mast decide whether a string of letters is or is not a word

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11
Q

___ words yield faster responses than ___ words

A

higher-frequency; lower-frequency

eg. free vs fret

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12
Q

___ nonwords yield faster responses than ___ nonwords

A

Pronounceable; unpronounceable

eg. nlib vs plib

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13
Q

Nonwords that sound like ____ yield slower responses than those that do not

A

Real words

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14
Q

T/F:

Phonology plays an important role in lexical access

A

True

even in silent reading

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15
Q

Target Item

A

The item to be judged in a lexical decision task

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16
Q

In a priming task, the target item is preceded by a related ___

A

Prime

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17
Q

Response time is faster if the prime is related:

4

A

Semantically (cat/dog)
Orthographically (couch/touch)
Phonologically (light/bite)
Morphographically (legal/illegality)

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18
Q

Morphemes are ___

A

Stored

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19
Q

Sentences are generated and interpreted by means of ____

A

Computations

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20
Q

Parsing

A

The unconscious automatic analysis of sentences

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21
Q

Timed-Reading Paradigm

A

Subjects press the bar on a keyboard to advance from one word to the next
IV = response time

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22
Q

Timed-Reading experiments show that ___ words take longer to process than ___ words

A

Content words (nouns, verbs); function words (determiners, conjunctions, prepositions)

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23
Q

Readers integrate preceding information into clause structures when reading by

A

Pausing at the end of a sentence

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24
Q

Saccades

A

Jerky eye movements that occur while reading

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25
Q

Regressive Saccades

A

Jerky eye movements that move backwards

26
Q

DVs in eye-tracking experiments

A

Fixation location
Fixation time
Regressive saccades

27
Q

Eye fixations are typically centred on ____ and are typically longer for _____

A

Content words; less frequent words

28
Q

Greater numbers of regressive saccades are associated with

A

syntactically complex and semantically anomalous (odd) sentences

29
Q

Event-Related Potential

A

Measure voltage fluctuations on the scalp that result from neural activity in the brain

30
Q

N400 (ERP)

A

Negative electrical potential about 400ms after a word is presented
Stronger for unexpected words

31
Q

The interpretation of a sentence proceeds

A

Incrementally

32
Q

The English Lexicon Project

A

Provides databases of stimulus words for psycholinguistic experiments and response times from multiple lexical decision experiments

33
Q

Google Ngram

A

Graphs relative frequency of words or phrases over time

34
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

Listeners analyze and relate utterances to items in the mental lexicon as they her them

35
Q

Top-down processing

A

Listeners develop partial representations of what they hear, and for expectations to guide phonetic processing and word recognition

36
Q

Big and fat > pig and vat

A

Voicing reversal

37
Q

Is pat a girl? > is bat a curl?

A

Voicing reversal

38
Q

Lebanon > lemanon

A

Nasal spreading

39
Q

Cohort model of speech

A

Listeners analyze each word incrementally from beginning to end, reducing the number of compatible word choices until only one is left
(unit of analysis = phoneme)

40
Q

The _____ of the syllable appears to affect language processing

A

Internal structure

41
Q

When combining two one-syllable words, subjects tend to take the ___ from one word and the ___ from the other

A

Onset; rhyme

bug + cat = bat (not but)

42
Q

Pre-lexical Decomposition

A

Components of a word are activated by morphological parsing before the whole item is processed
Eg. ‘barking’ primes ‘dog’

43
Q

Post-lexical Decomposition

A

A complete lexical item activates the morphological components of a word

44
Q

Selectional restrictions in morphology

A

Processing times are longer for violating nonwords

45
Q

Syntactical Operations

A

Changes to structural relations among words and phrases

does not predict processing time

46
Q

Module

A

An autonomous/independent processing unit

47
Q

Sentence processing is controlled by a ___ separate from syntax

A

Module

48
Q

Garden-path Sentances

A

Grammatical sentences that are difficult to understand

Eg. the horse raced past the barn fell

49
Q

Two Principles of parsing

A
  1. Minimal attachment

2. Late closure

50
Q

Minimal Attachment

A

Do not postulate unnecessary syntactic nodes

51
Q

Late Closure

A

Attach new words to the clause currently being processed

52
Q

Serial Processing Models

A

Processing proceeds step by step

53
Q

Parallel Processing Models

A

Several processes occur simultaneously

54
Q

Single-Route Models

A

Representations are accessed in only one way

55
Q

Dual-Route Models

A

Representations are accessed in 2 competing ways

56
Q

Symbolic Models

A

Make reference to rules and representations involving symbols
Eg. phonemes, words, syntactic categories

57
Q

Connectionist Models

A

Make reference to associations of nodes that have no discrete boundaries

58
Q

Nodes

A

Simple units

59
Q

Language processing involves (2)

A
  1. Lots of storage and representations

2. computations to decompose linguistic inputs

60
Q

Language processing is fast, but not ____

A

Efficient

LING 100b (6 decks)

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