Chapter 8 Herbal Therapies Flashcards
Any plant part or plant used for its therapeutic value
Herb
The art and science of using herbs for promoting health and preventing and treating illness
Herbal medicine
The branch of pharmacology that uses the chemicals from plants, molds, fungi, insects, and marine animals for their medicinal value
Pharmacognosy
In ___________ herbology, herbs are primarily classified according to their therapeutic properties and constituents of the plant.
Western
In Western herbal theory, the recommendation to use _______ is based on a statistically significant reduction in the levels of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, and LDL-C levels
Cinnamon
_____ is often referred to as “true cinnamon” or Ceylon cinnamon.
Cinnamon (C. zeylanicum)
Name other commercially labeled cinnamon
Saigon cinnamon (C. loureiroi) and C. burmannii
___ is generally based on the concept that man is a microcosm of a larger macrocosm.
The Dao
Distinction between Western and Traditional Chinese Medicine
Instead of relying on science to identify the sources of disease and health, the Chinese looked to nature from a Daoist perspective.
TCM places much value on ___
Power of food in healing; person consuming herb.
Other aspects of TCM include acupuncture, energy movements (tai chi), massage (tui na), and balance, are always considered in developing a treatment regimen.
____ is defined as the study of life; ayur means “life” and veda means “to study.”
Ayurvedic Medicine
Ayurvedic medicine encompasses a myriad of therapies based on the constitution of the individual and nature of his or her particular disease.
In Ayurvedic herbology, herbal therapy is interchangeable with food and spices, Their use depends on a person’s constitution, classified according to the tridosha theory and the nature of the diseases. Name the 3 doshas
1) vata (air/ether), which corresponds to the nervous system and movement
2) pitta (fire/water), representing transformation, circulation, warmth, and digestion
3) kapha (water/earth), representing nourishment, solidity, and the formative aspects of tissue, fluid, and bone
Ayurvedic treatment of imbalances within the tridoshic theory is not limited to herbal therapy alone, there are 5 additional therapies. What are they?
(panchakarma), diet, aromatherapy, massage (abyanga), meditation, daily routine (dinacarya), and the practice of yoga.
The ____ Act of 1994 also requires dietary supplements (including herbs) to carry on the label this statement: “This product has not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.”
Dietary Supplement Health and Education (DSHEA)
___ is a complementary medicine grading system founded by clinicians and researchers from more than 100 academic institutions.
Natural Standard; Graded A-F
It is designed to provide clinicians with the latest scientific data and expert opinion on complementary medicine including herbal therapies.
Grade of A = strong scientific evidence
Grade B = good scientific evidence
Grade C = unclear
Grade D = fair negative
Grade F = statistically significant negative evidence
___ was designed as a reference for both practitioners and consumers. It evaluates the current evidence regarding herbs and nutritional supplements and is compiled from of 25,000 research articles and more than 600 peer-reviewed journals.
Healthnotes The Natural Pharmacy
____ scale uses the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy to rate the scientific evidence of a variety of integrated medicine treatments
The Rakel Evidence Versus Harm; Graded A-C
A grade based on consistent, good quality, patient-oriented evidence
B grade based on inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence
C grade based on consensus, usual practice, opinion, disease-oriented evidence, or case series for studies of diagnosis, treatment, prevention, or screening
__ is considered one of the best sources of reliable evidence for and against specific treatments for specific conditions.
Cochrane
The Cochrane Collaboration produces reviews of evidence and creates a database of health-care interventions
___ nonprofit educational and research organization dedicated to the science of herbal medicine
American Botanical Council (ABC)
Comprises an advisory council of experts and is affiliated with several natural medicine health science institutions and organizations. Provides commentary, additions, and in some cases, editor’s notes for correction on all Commission E monographs.
What is the gold standard of care for practice
Evidence-based medicine (EBM)
Plant is a succulent. Contains numerous active constituents: vitamins, enzymes, minerals, sugars, lignin, saponins, salicylic acids, and amino acids
MOA: Derived from either the juice (gel) expressed from the leaf, latex (the layer between the gel and skin), or preparations that combine both the gel and skin.
Route: oral and topical
Uses: digestive ailments, constipation. Stimulant type of laxative similar to Senna. Acne, abrasions, cuts, irritation, minor burns, frostbite, sunburns, minor wounds, and psoriasis.
ADR: Gastric irritation, possible skin reaction
Contraindications: Avoid in patients who take any anticoagulant or long-term aspirin therapy. Avoid latex and plant skin.
Aloe
This herb is commonly referred to as Chinese or Mexican parsley and is known in Asian cultures as leaf-coriander. High in vitamin A and has high levels of vitamin K, folic acid, niacin, beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin B6, iron, and manganese
MOA: Result of its flavonoids, which have high antioxidant effect. Phytonutrients and fiber aid in control of lipid levels
Route: Oral
Uses: Digestive aid, carminative, antispasmodic, diuretic and antibacterial effects. Rheumatism and joint pain, help maintain good cholesterol levels
ADR: With the exception of individual sensitivity to the herb, considered to be safe
Contraindications: Avoided in high doses in pregnant women
Cilantro
One of the oldest, most common spices worldwide.
MOA: active component cinnamaldehyde, responsible for promoting insulin release, enhancing insulin sensitivity, increasing insulin disposal, and exerting activity in the regulation of proteintyrosine phosphatase 1B and insulin receptor kinase.
Uses: treatment of diabetes, gastrointestinal complaints, inflammatory issues, boosting cognitive function, and even as an antimicrobial.
Route: Oral
ADR: none listed
Contraindications: none listed
Cinnamon
There are many species of cinnamon; however, the four principal Cinnamomum species are C. zeylanicum from Sri Lanka, C. Loureiroi from Vietnam, C. burmannii from Indonesia, and C. aromaticum from China.
Of these four species, C. zeylanicum and C. aromaticum are the most widely exported and utilized.
Cinnamon would not be considered a primary therapy; however, regular use in the diet may improve patient response to medical therapy and influence clinical outcomes.
One of the oldest medicinal annual plants in the family Leguminosae used in Ayurvedic medicine and TCM.
MOA: none listed
Uses: may increase milk production in lactating women (similar to estrogen) and may help lower blood sugar in diabetes. Considered a “softening herb” and has been used to treat constipation.
Route: Oral
ADR: none listed
Contraindications: Avoided by patients who have legume allergies, and it should be used with caution in women with estrogen-related risk.
Fenugreek
Scientifically known as Trigonella foenum-graecum, other common names for fenugreek include bird’s foot, chilbe, Greek hay, methi, and trigonella
The rhizome (or underground stem) of the plant is the usable part of the plant.
MOA: anti-serotonergic and 5-HT3 receptor antagonism, although this is not fully understood
Uses: nausea and vomiting
Route: Oral
ADR: none listed
Contraindication: none listed
Ginger
(Zingiber officinale), also known as amomum zingiber or gingerroot
