Chapter 8-Head and Neck Flashcards
Skull is covered by ___ and subcutaneous tissues that overlap a thin layer of muscle. Muscles of ____ and muscles of the ____ and the ____ are also attached to the skull
- skin
- mastication
- neck
- trunk
skulls consists of two parts:
-neurocranium and the facial skeleton
cranium consists of __ bones. name them.
- 8 bones
- 1 sphenoid
- 2 parietal
- 2 temporal
- 1 occipital
- 1 frontal
- 1 ethmoid
upper part of the skull is called the ____, consisting of frontal, parietal, and occipital bones, can be seen in superior view of the skull. ____ are the sites of articulation between bones of the skull. The ___ suture corresponds to junctions between the frontal and parietal bones. The _____ suture is between the parietal bones, and the ____ suture is between the parietal bones and the occipital bone.
- calvaria
- sutures
- coronal
- sagittal
- lambdoid
facial skeleton consists of ____ bones.
name them.
- 14
- 2 maxilla
- 2 nasal bones
- 2 zygomatic bones
- 2 lacrimal bones
- 2 palatine bones
- 2 inferior nasal conchae
- 1 mandible
- 1 vomer
bones of skull develop via ____ ossification
intramembraneous
intramembraneous ossification consist of a ____ compact and a central part occupied by a spongy bone. Bones are connected by ____. The unossified area between the bones are found during infancy and early childhood are called ____.
- peripheral
- sutures
- fontanelles
Fontanelles include: larger ___ and ____ fontanelles, as well as the smaller ___ and ___ fontanelles. These fontanelles ossify within ____ months after birth.
- anterior and posterior
- mastoid and sphenoidal
- 6-36 months
7 bones join together to form the orbits. name them. also the superior and inferior orbital ____, as well as the opening of the ___ canal.
- zygomatic
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
- lacrimal
- palatine
- maxillary
- fissure
- optic
parts of the cranial and facial skeleton can be seen in the ___ view of the skull, including the frontal bone, parietal bones and sphenoid bones on lateral sides.
anterior
Lower part of the frontal bone is projected anteriorly and forms the ____ arch, followed by the ____margin. A ___ foramen can be found medially on the ___ margin. Bone forms the roof of the ___ on both sides.
- superciliary
- supraorbital
- supraorbital
- orbits
Inside the orbit, the frontal bone sutures with the ____ bone and the ___ bone inferiorly. Medially in the orbit, ethmoid bone connects with the ___ bone. In the center, the frontal bone articulates with the ___ bones at the ___, and the glabella is directly in the center above the ____. A remnant of the ___ suture between the frontal bones can be found here and above glabella inside the bone, the frontal sinus can be seen in the anteroposterior X-ray view of the skull.
- frontal
- zygomatic
- frontal
- nasal
- nasion
- nasion
- metopic
Orbits are seen in the __ view. Below the orbit, the ____ bones bearing the ____ foramen can be seen on each side. The bones join each other in the center, beneath the nose. The ____ bones suture with the zygomatic bone superolaterally and with the nasal bones superomedially.
- anterior
- maxillary
- infraorbital
- maxillary
The nasal cavity forms in the center, between the ____ bones. Inside the nasal cavity, the nasal ____ can be seen in the center, while the three pairs of nasal ___ are found laterally in the nasal cavity.
- maxillary
- septum
- conchae
The superior and middle conchae are parts of the lateral masses of the ___ bone, while the inferior conchae are separate, independent facial bones. Lowest bone in the anterior view of the skull is the ____, which has a body, ramus, and an angle, and bears the ___ foramen on each side of the chin.
- ethmoid
- mandible
- mental
Bones in the lateral view of the skull, front to back, include the lateral and superior aspects of the ____ bone, which fuses with the ___ bone at the ___ suture.
- frontal
- parietal
- coronal
Lateral view: parietal bone lies in the middle and posterosuperior aspects of the skull, over the ___ bone. The parietal bones are connected to each other via the ___ suture in the center of the calvaria and via the ___ suture to the frontal bone.
- temporal
- sagittal
- frontal
2 curved lines, superior and inferior temporal lines, are found on the ___ bone. Posterior to the parietal bone, the occipital bone can be seen connecting to the parietal bone at the ____ suture.
- parietal
- lamboid
Lateral view: middle of row of bones from the front to the back include the nasal bone, which articulates with the frontal process of the ___; the ____ bone in the orbit, and a small portion of the ____ bone inside the orbit.
- maxilla
- lacrimal
- ethmoid
Lateral view: the ____ bone lies on the lateral aspect of the orbit, inferior to the frontal bone and superior to maxillary bone
-zygomatic
the ____ bone connects to the zygomatic bone at the frontozygomatic suture, and the greater wing of the sphenoid lies posterior to the zygomatic bone in this view. Here, the sphenoid joins the ____ and ___ bones on its superior border at the sphenofrontal and sphenoparietal sutures. Lying behind the sphenoid bone of the skull, and below the parietal bone is the squamous part of the ___ bone, which fuses to the sphenoid at the ___ suture. At the ____ suture, the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the zygomatic bone fuses to each other to form the zygomatic arch.
- frontal
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- sphenosquamous
- temporozygomatic
Lateral view: below the zygomatic arch and behind the mandible, the _____ meatus can be seen. Posterioinferior to this, the ____ fissure is located. Inferoposterior to the external acoustic meatus, the mastoid part of the ____ bone is found. The mastoid joins the occipital bone at the ____ suture, and a ___ foramen can be seen anterior to the suture. The pertous part of the ___ bone is found in the basal view of the skull. Below the external acoustic meatus, the ___ process, which gives origin to a number of the muscles of the tongue, pharynx, and hyoid bone can be seen in its bony vaginal process.
- external acoustic
- tympanomastoid
- temporal
- occipitomastoid
- mastoid
- temporal
- styloid
Bones on the lower aspect of the lateral view can also be seen below the ____. The ___ is located in an anterosuperior location, and the body of the ___ is located in an anteroinferior position. The maxilla and mandible bear the upper and lower row of ___.
- zygomatic arch
- maxiall
- mandible
- teeth
In a lateral view, posterior to the maxilla, upper portion of the rams of the ___ is seen, while the ___ process of the mandible can be found anterior and medial to the zygomatic arch. The ____ process gives an insertion point to the ___ muscles, which originates from the ____ fossa. An archlike depression of the superior border of the rams of the ____, the ___ notch, extends between the condyle of the __ and the coronoid process. The condyle of the ___ articulates with mandibular fossa of the temporal bone, forming the ____ joint.
-mandible
-coronoid
-coronoid
-temporalis
-temporal
-mandible, mandibular
-mandible
mandible
-temporomandibular joint
what fossa? can be exposed by removing the zygomatic arch and the upper part of the rams of the mandible. This fossa is surrounded by the maxilla front, greater wing and he pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone in back, body of the spheniod from above, and the palatine bone medially.
pterygopalatine fossa
Several foramen open into pterygopalatine fossa:
- pterygoid (nerve and artery of pterygoid canal)
- greater and lesser palatine canals (transmits greater and lesser palatine nerve and vessels, lead to palate)
- pharyngeal canal (pharyngeal branch of maxillary nerve and pterygoid branches of maxillary artery)
- sphenopalatine artery foramen (transmits spheopalatine and vein)
- superior and nasopalatine nerves
- foramen rotundum (maxillary nerve)
The Pterygopalatine fossa communicated with the ___ through the inferior orbital fissure anterior, and with the ___ fossa laterally through the ____ fissure.
- orbit
- infratemporal fossa
- pterygomaxillary
____ fossa can be exposed by removing the upper part of the ramus of the mandible. The maxilla creates the anterior and inferior borders of this fossa; various parts of the ___ provides its posterior and superior boundaries, the lateral pterygoid plate create its medial boundary and the ramus of the mandible surround it laterally.
-infratemporal fossa (both blanks)
Posterior view of the skull, ____ bone is seen joining the parietal bone at the lambda. The lambdoid suture is located between the ___ and ___ bone.
- occipital
- parietal
- occipital
Posterior view: located in its center, the ___ of the occipital bone extends downward as its crest, flanked by the ____ lines. Highest and inferior ___ are above and below the superior line
- external occipital bone
- superior nuchal line
- nuchal
Structure in the basal view of the skull in an anterior to posterior direction include the ___, which is the roof of the oral cavity formed by the palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone.
hard palate
Inferior view: The ___ is located in the center and part of it lies behind the palatine bone, and is flanked by the ____ on both sides.
- vomer
- choanae
Lying laterally to the vomer, sphenoid bone articulates with the ____ bone laterally and from behind. ___ bone lies behind the vomer, sphenoid, and temporal bones, in basal view of the skull.
- temporal
- occipital
Just behind the incisive teeth, the palatine process of the maxilla bears the ____ foramen, which transmits the nasopalatine nerve and vessels.
-incisive
The greater and lesser foramina are located medial to the ____; these foramen transmit the greater and lesser ___ nerves and vessels. Lateral to the hard palate on both sides are the body and zygomatic process of the ____, which is flanked by the zygomatic bone laterally, forming the ____ by joining the zygomatic process of the temporal bone.
- 3rd molar tooth
- palatine
- maxilla
- zygomatic arch
On both sides of the vomer are the ____, bordered laterally by the pterygoid processes. The pterygoid processes consist of the medial pterygoid plate, bearing the ____ and the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid. Here, lateral to the medial pterygoid plate, the ___ and a groove for the auditory tube can be seen. On the sphenoid bone in the basal view of the skull include the foramen ___, which transmits the ____ nerve, the foramen ___, which transmits the ___ nerve; and the foramen ____ which transmits the middle ____ artery and a branch of the ___ nerve to the meninges.
- choanae
- pterygoid hamulus
- scaphoid fossa
- ovale
- mandibular
- rotundum
- maxillary
- spinosum
- meningeal artery
- trigeminal
On the posteromedial aspect of the sphenoid, the foramen ___ is formed at the junction between the temporal, sphenoid, and occipital bones.
lacerum
The foramen lacerum is covered by ____ in a living person and transmit small vessels, the ____ runs above and across the foramen not through it. Posterior to the foramen lace rum, the petrous part of the temporal bone bears the ____ canal, the ___ fossa, the ___ process, and the ___ foramen. Mandibular fossa lies anterior to the styloid process, the site for articulation with the ___. The mastoid process and notch lie posterior and lateral to the styloid process, while the ____ is located anterior to the mastoid process.
- cartilage
- internal carotid artery
- carotid
- jugular
- styloid
- stylomastoid
- mandible
- external acoustic meatus
___ bones lies medial to the temporal bone, behind the vomer and sphenoid.
occipital bone
The basilar part of the occipital bone articulates with the body of the sphenoid in the middle and bears the ____ tubercle. Behind this tubercle is the foramen ___, which transmits the spinal cord, vertebral arteries, accessory nerves, and spinal vessels, and is flanked by the ___ condyles for articulation with the ___. the condylar canal lies behind the ____ condyles, and the ____ lies behind the foramen magnum, in the midline that extends toward the ____.
- pharyngeal
- magnum
- occipital
- occipital
- atlas
- occiptal
- external occipital crest
- external occipital protuberance
inner surface of the skull, inner aspect of the calvaria along with other sites, is marked by grooves for the passage of the ___ artery.
Several foramina for the passage of the vessels, as well as grooves at the site of various ____, can also be seen on the inner aspect of the skull. ___ are small intrusions on the inner surface of the calvaria, into which the the ___ granulations protrude.
- meningeal
- cerebral venous sinuses
- granular foveolae
- arachnoid
Interior view of the interior skull: brain lies on the floor of the ___ and 3 ___ can be distinguished on this surface, anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae.
- skull
- fossae
interior view of the interior of the skull: anteriorposterior direction, the ____ fossa bears the foramen ___ that transmits an __ vein, with the cribiform plates flanking the crista galli in the middle. The plate is actually the horizontal plate of the ___ and transmits the ___ nerves, and the corresponding foramina of the anterior and posterior ___ nerve and vessels pass around the cribriform plate.
- anterior cranial fossa
- caecum
- emissary
- ethmoid
- olfactory
- ethmoidal
structures in the ____ fossa include the optic canal, which lies on both sides of the ___ groove, anterior to the hypophyseal fossa, and transmits the ___ nerve and ___ artery. The superior orbital fissue lies laterally to the optic canal and contains the ___ nerves (3,4, 5 and 6) and the ___ veins and the ____ nerves. The foramen ___ lies posterior to the superior orbital fissure, containing the ____ nerve of the trigeminal nerve. Foramen __ transmits the ___ branch of the ___ nerve and small vessels, while the foramen ___ transmits the middle ____ artery and a meningeal branch of the ___ nerve.
- middle cranial fossa
- chiasmatic
- optic
- opthalmic
- cranial
- opthalmic
- sympathetic
- rotundum
- maxillary
- ovale
- mandibular
- trigeminal
- mandibular
Behind the foramen ovale and the foramen spinosum are two fissures, creating a ___ for the passage of the greater ___ nerve through the greater petrosal fissure and for the lesser peterosal nerve accompanied by the superior ___ artery, through the lesser petrosal fissure. The ___ canal of the middle cranial fossa contains the internal ___ artery and ___ nerve plexus.
- hiatus
- petrosal
- tympanic
- carotid
- carotid
- sympathetic
the ____ fossa contains the internal acoustic meatus on the petrous bone that transmits the cranial nerves. The ___ foramen transmits the internal ___ vein and the ___ nerves, as well as the ___ arteries from the occipital and ascending pharyngeal arteries. The ___ canal transmits the ___ nerve to the tongue. The __ magnum, which transmits the spinal cord, verterbal arteries, and accessory nerve and spinal vessels.
- posterior cranial
- jugular
- jugular
- cranial
- hypoglossal
- hypoglossal
- foramen
In a median sagittal section of the skull in an anteroposterior direction, the ___ can be seen in the center, between the two nasal cavities. The ___ cartilage is the first structure that is followed by the perpendicular plate of the ____, which lies in the upper part of the septum, and the ___ lies in the lower part of the septum. The ___ lies on the palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the ___ bone and reaches the __ bone posteriorly. The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid lies on the top of the ____ and reaches the spheniod bone. The ___ plate of the ethmoid forms part of the roof of the ____ and transmits the branches of the ___. The crista galli of the ___ is seen protruding into the interior of the skull.
- nasal septal
- ethmoid
- vomer
- vomer
- palatine
- spheniod
- vomer
- cribiform
- nasal cavities
- olfactory nerve
- ethmoid
the ___ bone of the facial skeleton consisting of a body, an angle, and a ramus, which forms the ….The round ____ and the sharp, pointed ___ can be seen on the upper border of the ramus, and the mandibular notch lies between these two processes. The ___ process bears several alveoli that provide space for the roots of the lower row of teeth. On the inner surface of the ramus lies the ___ foramen, which transmits the inferior alveolar nerve to supply sensory innervation to the lower teeth. The ___ branch of the alveolar nerve leaves the ___ foramen on the outer surface of the mandible.
- mandible
- condyloid process
- coronoid process
- alveolar
- mandibular
- terminal
- mental
The opthalmic branch of the ___ innervates the skin of the forehead in a mediolateral direction via the supratrochlear and supraorbital nerves and laterally via the zygomaticotemporal nerve.
-trigeminal
3 branches of the trigeminal nerve innervates the face, the ____ nerve innervates the area above the orbit and superolateral aspect of the nose, the ___ nerve innervates the infraorbital region. The mandible, area below and lateral to oral region are innervated by the mandibular branch of the ____ nerve. The C2 innervates the ____, followed behind and below the ear by the C3, which innervates the lateral aspect of the upper ___ in the retromandibular region and continues in front, over the ___ area. The ___ nerves supply the posterior, lateral, and anterior aspects of the neck.
- ophthalmic
- maxillary
- trigeminal
- skin
- neck
- thyroid
- C4-C6
The superficial muscles of the face are innervated by the ___ nerve, while the mandibular branch of the ___ nerve innervates the deeper muscles in the face, such as the masticatory muscles. The sternocleidomastoid and trapezius are innervated by the ___ nerve, while the cervical ansa and cervial plexus innervated by ___ muscles in the deeper layer on the anterior aspect of the neck. The supra hyoid muscles are supplied by branches of the ___ nerves, as well as the ___ nerves.
- facial
- trigeminal
- accessory
- infrahyoid
- cranial V & VII
- cervical
The superficial muscles of the head are ___ muscles that originate from the skull or fascia and connect to the skin of region. Contraction of these mimetic muscles displaces the skin, producing ___ and __ that reveal various facial expressions. These are 4 groups of facial expression muscles grouped around the ___, the ___, the __, and the ___.
- cutaneous
- folds and wrinkles
- head, orbits, nose, mouth
Occipitofrontalis has two bellies, the ___ and ___, which are connected by the galea aponeurotic a between them.
-frontal and orbital
Occipitofrontalis function
-Frontal bellies raises the eyebrow, followed by a displacement of the galea aponeurotica that draws the scalp forward, frontal belly is active in the formation of transversal wrinkling of the forehead, giving an expression of astonishment. Occipital belly can potentially be active during the raising of eyebrows. Occipital belly alone is responsible for drawing back the galea aponeurotica and also active during smiling and yawning and can be active during movement of the auricle.
Muscles around the ear include the ____ muscle, also called the auricular muscle, which originates from the galea aponeurotic a and extends laterally to the auricles.
-temporoparietalis
Orbiculari oculi has three parts: the ___ or outer part, which is thick and encircles the orbital region, the ___ part, which is the thin and covers the tarsal plate (eyelid), and the __ part, which is located deep and medial, close to the lacrimal bone.
- orbital
- palpebral
- lacrimal
Orbiculari oculi function
-orbital part of the orbiculari oculi closes the eye tightly, protecting it from sunlight or pollution and dusts in the air. The palpebral part closes the eye lightly and protects the superficial strutters of the eye, and the lacrimal part pulls the eyelid medially and may help in expelling tears from the lacrimal sac. contraction of the orbicular is oculi forms wrinkles and folds in the lateral angle of the eye, producing an expression of concern and worry. These folds, commonly known as crows feet, may become permanent with age.
