Chapter 8-Head and Neck Flashcards
Skull is covered by ___ and subcutaneous tissues that overlap a thin layer of muscle. Muscles of ____ and muscles of the ____ and the ____ are also attached to the skull
- skin
- mastication
- neck
- trunk
skulls consists of two parts:
-neurocranium and the facial skeleton
cranium consists of __ bones. name them.
- 8 bones
- 1 sphenoid
- 2 parietal
- 2 temporal
- 1 occipital
- 1 frontal
- 1 ethmoid
upper part of the skull is called the ____, consisting of frontal, parietal, and occipital bones, can be seen in superior view of the skull. ____ are the sites of articulation between bones of the skull. The ___ suture corresponds to junctions between the frontal and parietal bones. The _____ suture is between the parietal bones, and the ____ suture is between the parietal bones and the occipital bone.
- calvaria
- sutures
- coronal
- sagittal
- lambdoid
facial skeleton consists of ____ bones.
name them.
- 14
- 2 maxilla
- 2 nasal bones
- 2 zygomatic bones
- 2 lacrimal bones
- 2 palatine bones
- 2 inferior nasal conchae
- 1 mandible
- 1 vomer
bones of skull develop via ____ ossification
intramembraneous
intramembraneous ossification consist of a ____ compact and a central part occupied by a spongy bone. Bones are connected by ____. The unossified area between the bones are found during infancy and early childhood are called ____.
- peripheral
- sutures
- fontanelles
Fontanelles include: larger ___ and ____ fontanelles, as well as the smaller ___ and ___ fontanelles. These fontanelles ossify within ____ months after birth.
- anterior and posterior
- mastoid and sphenoidal
- 6-36 months
7 bones join together to form the orbits. name them. also the superior and inferior orbital ____, as well as the opening of the ___ canal.
- zygomatic
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
- lacrimal
- palatine
- maxillary
- fissure
- optic
parts of the cranial and facial skeleton can be seen in the ___ view of the skull, including the frontal bone, parietal bones and sphenoid bones on lateral sides.
anterior
Lower part of the frontal bone is projected anteriorly and forms the ____ arch, followed by the ____margin. A ___ foramen can be found medially on the ___ margin. Bone forms the roof of the ___ on both sides.
- superciliary
- supraorbital
- supraorbital
- orbits
Inside the orbit, the frontal bone sutures with the ____ bone and the ___ bone inferiorly. Medially in the orbit, ethmoid bone connects with the ___ bone. In the center, the frontal bone articulates with the ___ bones at the ___, and the glabella is directly in the center above the ____. A remnant of the ___ suture between the frontal bones can be found here and above glabella inside the bone, the frontal sinus can be seen in the anteroposterior X-ray view of the skull.
- frontal
- zygomatic
- frontal
- nasal
- nasion
- nasion
- metopic
Orbits are seen in the __ view. Below the orbit, the ____ bones bearing the ____ foramen can be seen on each side. The bones join each other in the center, beneath the nose. The ____ bones suture with the zygomatic bone superolaterally and with the nasal bones superomedially.
- anterior
- maxillary
- infraorbital
- maxillary
The nasal cavity forms in the center, between the ____ bones. Inside the nasal cavity, the nasal ____ can be seen in the center, while the three pairs of nasal ___ are found laterally in the nasal cavity.
- maxillary
- septum
- conchae
The superior and middle conchae are parts of the lateral masses of the ___ bone, while the inferior conchae are separate, independent facial bones. Lowest bone in the anterior view of the skull is the ____, which has a body, ramus, and an angle, and bears the ___ foramen on each side of the chin.
- ethmoid
- mandible
- mental
Bones in the lateral view of the skull, front to back, include the lateral and superior aspects of the ____ bone, which fuses with the ___ bone at the ___ suture.
- frontal
- parietal
- coronal
Lateral view: parietal bone lies in the middle and posterosuperior aspects of the skull, over the ___ bone. The parietal bones are connected to each other via the ___ suture in the center of the calvaria and via the ___ suture to the frontal bone.
- temporal
- sagittal
- frontal
2 curved lines, superior and inferior temporal lines, are found on the ___ bone. Posterior to the parietal bone, the occipital bone can be seen connecting to the parietal bone at the ____ suture.
- parietal
- lamboid
Lateral view: middle of row of bones from the front to the back include the nasal bone, which articulates with the frontal process of the ___; the ____ bone in the orbit, and a small portion of the ____ bone inside the orbit.
- maxilla
- lacrimal
- ethmoid
Lateral view: the ____ bone lies on the lateral aspect of the orbit, inferior to the frontal bone and superior to maxillary bone
-zygomatic
the ____ bone connects to the zygomatic bone at the frontozygomatic suture, and the greater wing of the sphenoid lies posterior to the zygomatic bone in this view. Here, the sphenoid joins the ____ and ___ bones on its superior border at the sphenofrontal and sphenoparietal sutures. Lying behind the sphenoid bone of the skull, and below the parietal bone is the squamous part of the ___ bone, which fuses to the sphenoid at the ___ suture. At the ____ suture, the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the zygomatic bone fuses to each other to form the zygomatic arch.
- frontal
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- sphenosquamous
- temporozygomatic
Lateral view: below the zygomatic arch and behind the mandible, the _____ meatus can be seen. Posterioinferior to this, the ____ fissure is located. Inferoposterior to the external acoustic meatus, the mastoid part of the ____ bone is found. The mastoid joins the occipital bone at the ____ suture, and a ___ foramen can be seen anterior to the suture. The pertous part of the ___ bone is found in the basal view of the skull. Below the external acoustic meatus, the ___ process, which gives origin to a number of the muscles of the tongue, pharynx, and hyoid bone can be seen in its bony vaginal process.
- external acoustic
- tympanomastoid
- temporal
- occipitomastoid
- mastoid
- temporal
- styloid
Bones on the lower aspect of the lateral view can also be seen below the ____. The ___ is located in an anterosuperior location, and the body of the ___ is located in an anteroinferior position. The maxilla and mandible bear the upper and lower row of ___.
- zygomatic arch
- maxiall
- mandible
- teeth
In a lateral view, posterior to the maxilla, upper portion of the rams of the ___ is seen, while the ___ process of the mandible can be found anterior and medial to the zygomatic arch. The ____ process gives an insertion point to the ___ muscles, which originates from the ____ fossa. An archlike depression of the superior border of the rams of the ____, the ___ notch, extends between the condyle of the __ and the coronoid process. The condyle of the ___ articulates with mandibular fossa of the temporal bone, forming the ____ joint.
-mandible
-coronoid
-coronoid
-temporalis
-temporal
-mandible, mandibular
-mandible
mandible
-temporomandibular joint
what fossa? can be exposed by removing the zygomatic arch and the upper part of the rams of the mandible. This fossa is surrounded by the maxilla front, greater wing and he pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone in back, body of the spheniod from above, and the palatine bone medially.
pterygopalatine fossa
Several foramen open into pterygopalatine fossa:
- pterygoid (nerve and artery of pterygoid canal)
- greater and lesser palatine canals (transmits greater and lesser palatine nerve and vessels, lead to palate)
- pharyngeal canal (pharyngeal branch of maxillary nerve and pterygoid branches of maxillary artery)
- sphenopalatine artery foramen (transmits spheopalatine and vein)
- superior and nasopalatine nerves
- foramen rotundum (maxillary nerve)
The Pterygopalatine fossa communicated with the ___ through the inferior orbital fissure anterior, and with the ___ fossa laterally through the ____ fissure.
- orbit
- infratemporal fossa
- pterygomaxillary
____ fossa can be exposed by removing the upper part of the ramus of the mandible. The maxilla creates the anterior and inferior borders of this fossa; various parts of the ___ provides its posterior and superior boundaries, the lateral pterygoid plate create its medial boundary and the ramus of the mandible surround it laterally.
-infratemporal fossa (both blanks)
Posterior view of the skull, ____ bone is seen joining the parietal bone at the lambda. The lambdoid suture is located between the ___ and ___ bone.
- occipital
- parietal
- occipital
Posterior view: located in its center, the ___ of the occipital bone extends downward as its crest, flanked by the ____ lines. Highest and inferior ___ are above and below the superior line
- external occipital bone
- superior nuchal line
- nuchal
Structure in the basal view of the skull in an anterior to posterior direction include the ___, which is the roof of the oral cavity formed by the palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone.
hard palate
Inferior view: The ___ is located in the center and part of it lies behind the palatine bone, and is flanked by the ____ on both sides.
- vomer
- choanae
Lying laterally to the vomer, sphenoid bone articulates with the ____ bone laterally and from behind. ___ bone lies behind the vomer, sphenoid, and temporal bones, in basal view of the skull.
- temporal
- occipital
Just behind the incisive teeth, the palatine process of the maxilla bears the ____ foramen, which transmits the nasopalatine nerve and vessels.
-incisive
The greater and lesser foramina are located medial to the ____; these foramen transmit the greater and lesser ___ nerves and vessels. Lateral to the hard palate on both sides are the body and zygomatic process of the ____, which is flanked by the zygomatic bone laterally, forming the ____ by joining the zygomatic process of the temporal bone.
- 3rd molar tooth
- palatine
- maxilla
- zygomatic arch
On both sides of the vomer are the ____, bordered laterally by the pterygoid processes. The pterygoid processes consist of the medial pterygoid plate, bearing the ____ and the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid. Here, lateral to the medial pterygoid plate, the ___ and a groove for the auditory tube can be seen. On the sphenoid bone in the basal view of the skull include the foramen ___, which transmits the ____ nerve, the foramen ___, which transmits the ___ nerve; and the foramen ____ which transmits the middle ____ artery and a branch of the ___ nerve to the meninges.
- choanae
- pterygoid hamulus
- scaphoid fossa
- ovale
- mandibular
- rotundum
- maxillary
- spinosum
- meningeal artery
- trigeminal
On the posteromedial aspect of the sphenoid, the foramen ___ is formed at the junction between the temporal, sphenoid, and occipital bones.
lacerum
The foramen lacerum is covered by ____ in a living person and transmit small vessels, the ____ runs above and across the foramen not through it. Posterior to the foramen lace rum, the petrous part of the temporal bone bears the ____ canal, the ___ fossa, the ___ process, and the ___ foramen. Mandibular fossa lies anterior to the styloid process, the site for articulation with the ___. The mastoid process and notch lie posterior and lateral to the styloid process, while the ____ is located anterior to the mastoid process.
- cartilage
- internal carotid artery
- carotid
- jugular
- styloid
- stylomastoid
- mandible
- external acoustic meatus
___ bones lies medial to the temporal bone, behind the vomer and sphenoid.
occipital bone
The basilar part of the occipital bone articulates with the body of the sphenoid in the middle and bears the ____ tubercle. Behind this tubercle is the foramen ___, which transmits the spinal cord, vertebral arteries, accessory nerves, and spinal vessels, and is flanked by the ___ condyles for articulation with the ___. the condylar canal lies behind the ____ condyles, and the ____ lies behind the foramen magnum, in the midline that extends toward the ____.
- pharyngeal
- magnum
- occipital
- occipital
- atlas
- occiptal
- external occipital crest
- external occipital protuberance
inner surface of the skull, inner aspect of the calvaria along with other sites, is marked by grooves for the passage of the ___ artery.
Several foramina for the passage of the vessels, as well as grooves at the site of various ____, can also be seen on the inner aspect of the skull. ___ are small intrusions on the inner surface of the calvaria, into which the the ___ granulations protrude.
- meningeal
- cerebral venous sinuses
- granular foveolae
- arachnoid
Interior view of the interior skull: brain lies on the floor of the ___ and 3 ___ can be distinguished on this surface, anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae.
- skull
- fossae
interior view of the interior of the skull: anteriorposterior direction, the ____ fossa bears the foramen ___ that transmits an __ vein, with the cribiform plates flanking the crista galli in the middle. The plate is actually the horizontal plate of the ___ and transmits the ___ nerves, and the corresponding foramina of the anterior and posterior ___ nerve and vessels pass around the cribriform plate.
- anterior cranial fossa
- caecum
- emissary
- ethmoid
- olfactory
- ethmoidal
structures in the ____ fossa include the optic canal, which lies on both sides of the ___ groove, anterior to the hypophyseal fossa, and transmits the ___ nerve and ___ artery. The superior orbital fissue lies laterally to the optic canal and contains the ___ nerves (3,4, 5 and 6) and the ___ veins and the ____ nerves. The foramen ___ lies posterior to the superior orbital fissure, containing the ____ nerve of the trigeminal nerve. Foramen __ transmits the ___ branch of the ___ nerve and small vessels, while the foramen ___ transmits the middle ____ artery and a meningeal branch of the ___ nerve.
- middle cranial fossa
- chiasmatic
- optic
- opthalmic
- cranial
- opthalmic
- sympathetic
- rotundum
- maxillary
- ovale
- mandibular
- trigeminal
- mandibular
Behind the foramen ovale and the foramen spinosum are two fissures, creating a ___ for the passage of the greater ___ nerve through the greater petrosal fissure and for the lesser peterosal nerve accompanied by the superior ___ artery, through the lesser petrosal fissure. The ___ canal of the middle cranial fossa contains the internal ___ artery and ___ nerve plexus.
- hiatus
- petrosal
- tympanic
- carotid
- carotid
- sympathetic
the ____ fossa contains the internal acoustic meatus on the petrous bone that transmits the cranial nerves. The ___ foramen transmits the internal ___ vein and the ___ nerves, as well as the ___ arteries from the occipital and ascending pharyngeal arteries. The ___ canal transmits the ___ nerve to the tongue. The __ magnum, which transmits the spinal cord, verterbal arteries, and accessory nerve and spinal vessels.
- posterior cranial
- jugular
- jugular
- cranial
- hypoglossal
- hypoglossal
- foramen
In a median sagittal section of the skull in an anteroposterior direction, the ___ can be seen in the center, between the two nasal cavities. The ___ cartilage is the first structure that is followed by the perpendicular plate of the ____, which lies in the upper part of the septum, and the ___ lies in the lower part of the septum. The ___ lies on the palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the ___ bone and reaches the __ bone posteriorly. The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid lies on the top of the ____ and reaches the spheniod bone. The ___ plate of the ethmoid forms part of the roof of the ____ and transmits the branches of the ___. The crista galli of the ___ is seen protruding into the interior of the skull.
- nasal septal
- ethmoid
- vomer
- vomer
- palatine
- spheniod
- vomer
- cribiform
- nasal cavities
- olfactory nerve
- ethmoid
the ___ bone of the facial skeleton consisting of a body, an angle, and a ramus, which forms the ….The round ____ and the sharp, pointed ___ can be seen on the upper border of the ramus, and the mandibular notch lies between these two processes. The ___ process bears several alveoli that provide space for the roots of the lower row of teeth. On the inner surface of the ramus lies the ___ foramen, which transmits the inferior alveolar nerve to supply sensory innervation to the lower teeth. The ___ branch of the alveolar nerve leaves the ___ foramen on the outer surface of the mandible.
- mandible
- condyloid process
- coronoid process
- alveolar
- mandibular
- terminal
- mental
The opthalmic branch of the ___ innervates the skin of the forehead in a mediolateral direction via the supratrochlear and supraorbital nerves and laterally via the zygomaticotemporal nerve.
-trigeminal
3 branches of the trigeminal nerve innervates the face, the ____ nerve innervates the area above the orbit and superolateral aspect of the nose, the ___ nerve innervates the infraorbital region. The mandible, area below and lateral to oral region are innervated by the mandibular branch of the ____ nerve. The C2 innervates the ____, followed behind and below the ear by the C3, which innervates the lateral aspect of the upper ___ in the retromandibular region and continues in front, over the ___ area. The ___ nerves supply the posterior, lateral, and anterior aspects of the neck.
- ophthalmic
- maxillary
- trigeminal
- skin
- neck
- thyroid
- C4-C6
The superficial muscles of the face are innervated by the ___ nerve, while the mandibular branch of the ___ nerve innervates the deeper muscles in the face, such as the masticatory muscles. The sternocleidomastoid and trapezius are innervated by the ___ nerve, while the cervical ansa and cervial plexus innervated by ___ muscles in the deeper layer on the anterior aspect of the neck. The supra hyoid muscles are supplied by branches of the ___ nerves, as well as the ___ nerves.
- facial
- trigeminal
- accessory
- infrahyoid
- cranial V & VII
- cervical
The superficial muscles of the head are ___ muscles that originate from the skull or fascia and connect to the skin of region. Contraction of these mimetic muscles displaces the skin, producing ___ and __ that reveal various facial expressions. These are 4 groups of facial expression muscles grouped around the ___, the ___, the __, and the ___.
- cutaneous
- folds and wrinkles
- head, orbits, nose, mouth
Occipitofrontalis has two bellies, the ___ and ___, which are connected by the galea aponeurotic a between them.
-frontal and orbital
Occipitofrontalis function
-Frontal bellies raises the eyebrow, followed by a displacement of the galea aponeurotica that draws the scalp forward, frontal belly is active in the formation of transversal wrinkling of the forehead, giving an expression of astonishment. Occipital belly can potentially be active during the raising of eyebrows. Occipital belly alone is responsible for drawing back the galea aponeurotica and also active during smiling and yawning and can be active during movement of the auricle.
Muscles around the ear include the ____ muscle, also called the auricular muscle, which originates from the galea aponeurotic a and extends laterally to the auricles.
-temporoparietalis
Orbiculari oculi has three parts: the ___ or outer part, which is thick and encircles the orbital region, the ___ part, which is the thin and covers the tarsal plate (eyelid), and the __ part, which is located deep and medial, close to the lacrimal bone.
- orbital
- palpebral
- lacrimal
Orbiculari oculi function
-orbital part of the orbiculari oculi closes the eye tightly, protecting it from sunlight or pollution and dusts in the air. The palpebral part closes the eye lightly and protects the superficial strutters of the eye, and the lacrimal part pulls the eyelid medially and may help in expelling tears from the lacrimal sac. contraction of the orbicular is oculi forms wrinkles and folds in the lateral angle of the eye, producing an expression of concern and worry. These folds, commonly known as crows feet, may become permanent with age.
Corrugator supercilii muscles originate from the ____ (bone( and the margin of the orbit on each side. It extends laterally by its fibers from the superomedial aspect of the orbit to the skin underlying the eyebrows, passing through the ___ and ___ muscles. The corrugator supercilii produces vertical folds and its contraction brings ___ and __ medially, protecting the eye against light.
- glabella
- frontalis and orbicularis
- skin and eyebrow
Procerus extends from the back of the ___ to the ___ and to the skin of the forehead between the eyebrows. Its contraction forms wrinkles on the skin of the bridge of the nose.
- nose
- frontalis
Nasalis muscles consists of ___ and ___ parts, which originate from the maxilla. The __ part extends to the dorsum of the nose, while the ___ part extends to the ___ cartilage and the skin of the naris.
- transverse
- alar (wing)
- transverse
- alar
- alar
Nasalis function
involved in respiration. Transverse part compresses the nostril and the alar part dilates the nostril, giving the impressions of desire, demand, and sensuousness
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi originates from the frontal process of the ___ on the medial aspect of the infraorbital margin, extending downward to the skin of the ___ and the lateral aspect of the ___. It is divided into 2 layers, superficial and deep, in the ___ muscle. This muscle elevated the __ and __ that opens the nostrils and can present an expression of displeasure.
- maxilla
- upper lip
- nasal wing
- levator labii superioris
- upper lip
- nasal wing
Levator labii superioris originates from below the infraorbital margin of the ___, extending to the ___ . The medial fibers of the LLS may intermingle with the ___ part of the nasalis
- maxilla
- upper lip
- alar part
Zygomaticus minor lies laterally to the LLS and medially to the zygomaticus major, originating from the ____ bone and extending to the corner of the mouth in the ___ groove. It aids the function of the ___, and its contraction deepens the ____ groove
- zygomatic
- nasolabial
- zygomaticus major
- nasolabial
Zygomaticus major is lateral to the zygomaticus minor, originating from the ____ bone, lateral to the origin of the zygomaticus minor. It extends downward and inserts to the lateral aspect of the ____ and some of its fibers intermingle with the ___. The zygomaticus major elevates the angle of the mouth while smiling and laughing.
- zygomatic bone
- orbicularis oris
- depressor anguli oris
Levator anguli oris originates from the ___ below the ___ foramen, extending downward to the angle of the mouth deep to the zygomaticus minor. This muscle helps elevate the angle of the ____
- maxilla
- infraorbital
- mouth
Orbicularis oris muscle surrounds the ___. It is made up of ___ quadrants, with the ___ muscles of the lips and the muscle fibers of the surrounding muscles merging into the ___ quadrants. This muscle helps during ___ and __. Its contraction closes the __, with its strong contractions aiding in sucking.
- mouth
- 4
- intrinsic
- 4
- eating and drinking
- lips
Risorius originates from the fascia of the ___ muscle and runs superficially to the corner of the ___. Together with the zygomaticus major, this muscle aids in ___.
- masseter
- mouth
- laughing
Buccinator originates from the anterolateral surface of the ____, the ___, and the ____ raphe (ligament), extending deep to the risorius and the zygomaticus major to the corner of the mouth. It forms the lateral wall of the oral cavity and pulls the angle of the mouth up, compresses the __, and helps in holding food between the ___ while chewing. The buccinator also aids in ____ out of the mouth and keeps the ____ of the cheek free of folds. It contraction gives an expression of satisfaction
- maxilla
- mandible
- pteryomandibular
- cheeks
- teeth
- blowing air
- mucous membrane
Depressor anguli oris originates from the ___ below the ___ foramen. It extends to the angle of the ___, pulling the angle down and giving an expression of sadness.
- mandible
- mental
- mouth
Depressor labii inferioris originates from the ___ below the ___ foramen, above the origin of the depressor anguli iris, running deeper to the depressor anguli oris and extending to the skin of the lower __. Its contraction brings down the lower ___.
- mandible
- mental
- lip
- lip
Mentalis is a small muscle in the ___ region between the ___, anterior to the __ foramen, and extends to the skin of the ___. Its contractions forms wrinkles in the ___, and it can aid in pushing up the lower lip.
- mental
- mandible
- mental
- chin
- chin
Platysma is a superficual muscle in the fascia of the ___ that extends from the pectoral region across the ___ to the inferolateral border of the mandible. It radiates superficially in the face, over the angle of the ___ to the ___, as well as to other muscles around the angle of the mouth. It contraction depresses the angle of the mouth.
- neck
- neck
- mandible
- risorius
Mastication muscles include the ____, the ___, and te ___. Involved in mastication and all are innervated by the mandibular branch of the ___ nerve, also known as the ___ nerve. All innervated by ___.
- temporalis
- masseter
- lateral and medial pterygoid
- trigeminal
- mandibular (cranial nerve 5)
Temporalis function
elevation of the lower jaw
Masseter function
elevation of the mandible and closing the jaw
Lateral Pterygoid
mandibular movement (guiding muscle)
Medial Pterygoid
elevates the mandible and pushes it forward
Sternocleidomastoid is the most ___ muscle in the anterolateral aspect of the ___, beneath the ___.
- superficial
- neck
- platysma
Sternocleidomastoid function
unilateral contraction turns the head to the opposite side and bends it ipsilaterally, while bilateral contraction lifts the head. It also aids in respiration by elevating the upper part of the thorax.
Sternocleidomastoid function
Accessory nerve and C2-C3
Trapezius function
supports the scapula and shoulder, elevation of the scapula via the upper fibers, which in conjuction with the serratus anterior muscles, also help in the slight elevation of the arm. All parts working together pull the scapula, along wih some fibers that also pull the clavicle toward the vertebrae, making retraction of the scapula possible. The upper and lower fibers of trapezius also rotate the scapula and adduct arm.
trapezius innervation
Spinal roots of the accessory nerve (C 11) is involved in motor innervation, and the C3-C4 are involved in sensory innervation, proproception and pain.
Skin and several muscles of neck are innervated by the ___, which originates from the ___ roots and includes the following nerves ____
- cervial plexus
- C1-C4
- upper and lower roots of the cervial ansa, deep cervicalis ansa, lesser occipital nerve, greater auricular nerve, transverse cervical nerve, supraclavicular nerve, and phrenic nerve
Suprahyoid muscles are:
-digastric, stylohyoid, myelohyoid, and geniohyoid
Digastric muscle function
raising the hyoid bone and stabilizing it during speaking and swallowing. Also brings down the mandible
Digastric muscle innervation
anterior belly is innervated from nerve to the myelohyoid by a branch of the mandibular nerve, which is itself a branch of the ___ nerve. Posterior belly is innervated by a branch of the ___ nerve.
Stylohyoid muscle function
elevates and retracts the hyoid nine, elongates the floor of the mouth
stylohyoid innervation
cervical branch of the facial nerve
mylohyoid muscle function
elevates the hyoid and the floor of the mouth and tongue during swallowing and speaking
mylohyoid innervation
mylohyoid nerve, originating from the inferior alveolar branch of mandibular nerve
geniohyoid muscle function
pulls the hyoid bone antersuperiorly, shortens the floor of the mouth and widens the pharynx
geniohyoid innervation
C1, via the hypoglossal nerve
Omohyoid muscle lies beneath the ___ muscle, although it is the most superficial among the infra hyoid muscle. It has a __ and __ belly.
- sternocleidomastoid
- superior and inferior
Infrahyoid muscles include the ____ muscles. Lie in the __ aspect of the neck below the hyoid bone, contracts lower the hyoid bone, closer to the thyroid cartilage.
- omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid
- anterior
infrahyoid function
depresses the hyoid, opens the mouth, and helps in the lateral flexion of the head. It is a fascia tensor and dilates the internal jugular vein lying beneath it, which helps return of blood to the heart.
sternothyroid muscle lies deper to the ___ muscles and covers the ___ gland
- sternohyoid
- thyroid
Paravertebral muscles include:
rectus capitis anterior, longus capitis, and longus colli
rectus capitis anterior function and innervation
involved in head flexion, innervated by C1
Longus capitis function and innervation
involved in head flexion and turning the head, innervated by C1-C4
Longus colli function and innervation
involved in flexion of cervical spine, innervated by C1-C8
___ Scalene muscles in neck and upper parts of thorax, assisting in ___ and movement of the ___ by elevating the upper ribs and can also bend the ___
- 3
- respiration
- thoracic cage
- neck
anterior scalene muscle innervates and ___ anterior to insertion pt of the muscle on the first rib.
- phrenic nerve
- subclavian vein
Middle scalene: opening that is formed between 2 latter scalene muscles and transmits the ___ artery and ____ is called the scalene gap
- subclavian
- brachial plexus
Posterior scalene innervation
brachial plexus and cervial plexus innervate scalene and cervical plexis innervates the posterior scalene muscle
Innervation of skin region
- cervical nerves
- terminal branches of the 5th cranial nerve, opthalmic and maxillary nerve, mandibular branches
Large hematomas may develop in the scalp, following head injuries due to a loose ____ layer, and infections reaching this later may spread widely to the ___ by means of ___ veins. The diploic veins between the bony tables of the skull can also spread infection
- subaponeurotic
- dura
- emissary
Mandibular nerve block can be achieved by injection of local anesthesia around the ___ nerve in the ___ fossa.
mandibular and intratemporal fossa
In extraoral approach, the ____ nerves are anesthetized. In an intraoral approach through buccal mucosa, the ___ nerves are anesthetized
- auriculotemporal, inferior alveolar, lingual, buccal
- inferior alveolar, lingual
Carotid angiography is an X-ray diagnosis of ____. Contrast medium is injected into the ___ artery by catheterization of the ___ artery. Catheter is directed under X-ray to reach artery and then the contrast medium is injected.
- cerebral vascular diseases
- internal carotid
- femoral
coniotomy
puncturing the cricothyroid ligament to allow air through the airways artificially, when there is an obstruction of the glottis or glottal edema
Cricothyroid muscles function
tenses the vocal cord
cricothyroid innervation
superior laryngeal nerve
cricoarytenoid lateralis muscle function
antagonist to the posterior cricoarytenoid, adducts vocal cords
cricoarytenoid posterior (posticus) muscle function
only muscle that widens the rima glottis, it abducts the vocal core and pulls the muscular process backward
cricoarytenoid posterior (posticus) muscle innervation
muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles run between the ____ surfaces of the __ cartilages, responsible for closing the rima glottis, adducting the vocal chords
posterior, arytenoid cartilages
vocalis muscle function
isometric contraction, tensing the vocal cords, and increasing pitch
thyroarytenoid muscles function
adducts and relaxes the vocal cords
thyroepiglottis responsible for
constricting the entrance into the larynx
aryepiglottis located in the aryepiglottic fold and narrowing the
entrance into the larynx
Bells Palsy
form of facial paralysis resulting from a dysfunction of the cranial nerve VII (the facial nerve) that results in the inability to control facial muscles on the affected side. Several conditions can cause facial paralysis, e.g., brain tumor, stroke, and Lyme disease.
Effect of the botulinum toxin injection into the facial expression muscles
botulinum toxin acts as a muscle blockade to immobilize the underlying cause of the unwanted lines and prevent “wrinkly” expressions.Botulinum toxin is injected directly into the target muscle to treat vertical lines between the eyebrows and on the bridge of the nose, the squint lines or crow’s feet at the corners of the eyes, the forehead horizontal lines and the platysmal muscle bands often visible on the neck, commonly known as turkey neck. It may also be used for eyebrow positioning. Once the muscle is weakened and relaxed, it cannot contract.
upper and lower tracheotomy
Tracheostomy is an operative procedure that creates a surgical airway in the cervical trachea. It is most often performed in patients who have had difficulty weaning off a ventilator, followed by those who have suffered trauma or a catastrophic neurologic insult.[1] Infectious and neoplastic processes are less common in diseases that require a surgical airway.Laryngeal opening is closed completely due to spasm of the laryngeal muscles following mucosal irritation
how and when is it necessary to perform Coniotomy
an emergency incision into the larynx, performed to open the airway in a person who is choking. A small vertical midline cut is made just below the thyroid cartilage and above the cricoid cartilage. The incision is opened farther with a transverse cut through the cricothyroid membrane, and the wound is spread open with a knife handle or other dilator. The new opening must be held open with a tracheostomy tube that is open at both ends to allow air to move in and out. The cartridge end of a ballpoint pen will suffice in an emergency until a tracheostomy can be done.
how does recurrent laryngeal nerve injury affect the voice
The nerve is best known for its importance in thyroid surgery, as it runs immediately posterior to this gland. If it is damaged during surgery, the patient will have hoarseness. Nerve damage can be assessed by laryngoscopy, during which a stroboscopic light confirms the absence of movement in the affected side of the vocal cords.
All mimetic facial expressions are innervated by
Cranial nerve 7
Facial vein anastomoses via ____ vein. This anastomoses is extremely important since this allows a direct connection to ___ sinus, through which infections may get into skull
- angular
- cavernous sinus
A disorder of unknown etiology (cause) associated with intractable pain along with 3 branches of trigeminal nerve but especially along maxillary and mandibular nerves. A simple trigger such a touch, cold or hot can start the pain. Therapy?
Trigeminal neuralgia (Tic Douloureux) -carbamazepine, radio frequency destruction of the branches involved. Alcohol or glycerin injection around trigeminal ganglion. Transaction of the sensory root.
Only cutaneous muscles in human body (under the skin)
Platysma
Platysma innervation is ____. And injury of this leads to ____
Facial nerve (7), skin falls away from the neck by folds
Infra hyoid muscles are innervated by ____
Cervical ansa (C1-C3)
Occipital triangle
- floor: splenius capitis, levatores scapulae, posterior scalene and middle scalene. Content is: cervical plexus. Accessory nerve comes from behind the sternocleidomastoid. It divides the supraclavicular region to a care free and careful zone.
- superficial cervical artery and anterior scalene
Scalene gap:
Found in occipital triangle. Formed between scalene anterior and middle and 1st rib, which run the brachial plexus and subclavian artery
Cervical plexus:
- deep ansa cervical is
- upper root of cervical ansa
- inferior root of cervical ansa
- lesser occipital nerve
- greater auric ular nerve
- transverse cervical nerve
- supraclavicular nerves
- phrenic nerves
Triangle of the neck:
Anterior triangle: -submandibular -carotid -muscular -sub mental Borders: posterior (lateral), sternocleidomastoid, superior: mandible, anterior: midline of neck. Posterior: occipital, omoclavicular
Body’s largest endocrine gland is deep to sternothyroid and sternohyoid
Thyroid gland
Thyroid gland: At C5-T1. It has a ___ and externally covered by a sheath. Consists of an ____, which unites the lobes. A ___ lobe and ____ lobe.
- capsule
- isthmus
- right and left
Pyramidal lobe:
Remnant of thyroglossal duct may persist in middle part of thyroid (50%) . Ectopic thyroid
Thyroid gland function: and blood supply:
Produces thyroxin which controls the rate of metabolism of the body and calcitonin controlling calcium metabolism.
-superior and inferior thyroidal artery
Enlargement of thyroid gland (nonneoplatic and noninflammatory). Usually not upward shift. Endemic in areas deficient in Iodine in food. Swelling in neck which may disturb trachea, esophagus and or laryngeal nerves. Exophthalmic goiter is due to excessive production of thyroxin
Goiter
Removal of thyroid due to cancer. Subtotal due to preservation of parathyroid glands and recurrent as well as superior laryngeal nerves. Inadvertent removal of parathyroid glands lead to tetany, severe convulsion and muscle spasm due to decrease in serum calcium and may lead to immediate respiratory failure
Thyroidectomy
Usually 4, one upper and one lower gland per each thyroid lobe. They are extended to thyroid capsule and internal to connecting tissue sheath. Function: produce parathormone, controlling the metabolism of P and Ca
Parathyroid glands
