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Intro to Criminology > Chapter 8 - Early Theories of Criminology > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Early Theories of Criminology Flashcards

1
Q

An Essay on Crimes and Punishments 8

A

Written by Cesare Beccaria

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2
Q

Atavism

A

Cesare Lombroso suggested stigmata (physical differences) between Born Criminals and non-criminals that indicated moral inferiority; arguiing Darwin’s evolutionary theory he identied the condition of __________.

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3
Q

Beccaria

A
  • founded Classical School of Thought
  • Wrote an Essay on Crime and Punishments (1764)
  • Criticized the cruelty, inhumanity, and arbitrariness of CJS
  • Pursuid Humanitarian reform
  • 18th-century England had 350 offences punishable by death
  • 70% of death sentences were handed out for robbery and burglary
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4
Q

Hooton (1930s)

A
  • Like Goring’s methodology but larger samples including prisoners & others
  • speculated criminals are socially and biologically inferior
  • posited new stigmata differentiating criminals
  • suggests segregation by physical, mental, moral difference
  • defined unfit individuals: part of E**ugenics movement
  • was discredited on scientific grounds
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5
Q

Biological Theorists (Goring, Goddard (1912), Hooton (1930s), Sheldon (1950s)

A

Significant Early 20th Centruy Biological Crime Theorists

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6
Q

Henry Goddard (1912)

A
  • Studdied Martin Kallikak, an army lieutenant
  • Suggested feeble-mindedness and criminality were inherited
  • Measured IQs of prisoners at or below mental age of 12 (imbeciles)
  • Research was criticized
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7
Q

Goring (1903)

A
  • Compared “normal” males with English convicts
  • Found no evidence of distinct physical type
  • Speculated Criminals have lower intelligence

  • Thought most important trait was mental inferiority
  • Methods were flawed
  • studied were exclusively from prison
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8
Q

Sheldon (1950s)

A
  • Developed Somatotype theory; Body types / Different personality traits
  • Mesomorphs (muscular/aggressive personality) - more likely delinquent/criminal behaviour

Problems

  • Lack of rigour, Research faulty, Did not use control groups
  • Most traits they identified are not genetically determined
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9
Q

Somatotypes

A

Developed by Sheldon

Criminality correlated to and determined by body type.

  1. Ectomorph - Tall, thin, intellectual, shy
  2. Endomorph - Heavy, lethargic, friendly
  3. Mesomorph - Muscular, active, aggressive & prone to delinquency and violence
  4. Normal
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10
Q

Charter Protections

15, 12, 7-11

A

____: Equal Treatment before the Law

____: Protected from Cruel and Unusual Punishment

____: Due Process Guarantees

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11
Q

Classical Thoery (Baccaria, Bentham, Romilly)

A

Humans are rational thinkers. Those who contemplate breaking the law consider positive and negative consequences of their actions. A measured system of punishments was needed to deter crime. Main theorist: ___________.

  • first formal School of Criminology
  • associated with 18th/early 19th century reform to justice administration & prison system.
  • brought Liberalism & Utilitarianism to Justice System.
  • advocates Rights, Fairness and Due Process
  • replaces Retribution, Arbitrariness and Brutality.
  • Conflict: Rights and Freedoms could undermind Duty and Loyalty (Fealty)
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12
Q

Contributions of the Classical School

A

These reforms provided the foundation for the modern criminal justice system:

  • Equality before the law
  • Guarantee of one’s rights
  • Establishment of fixed penalties
  • Due process safeguards
  • Separation of judicial and legislative system
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13
Q

Classical School Enlightenment Roots

A
  • People voluntarily enter social contract: Social Contract Theory
  • Give up some freedom for safer society
  • State must protect citizens, but can not violate their rights
  • Citizens must obey rules or face punishment from state
  • Unjust & inhumane treatment of people ran counter to ideals of Enlightenment (humanitarian reform)
  • new radical theory of crime (cost benefit analysis)
  • person rational being calculates consequences of actions - break law if it advances their interests
  • crime/deviance not result of supernatural/demonic forces
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14
Q

Limitations of Classical Theory

A
  • premised on a theory of deterrence
  • some Code penalties insufficient to deter
  • ignores objective reality: individual inequalities & other factors that influence decision to commit crime
  • gross injustices ensured
  • equal punishments for the same crime did not allow for: flexibility, Mitigating circumstances, Judge discretion: same fine for rich & poor
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15
Q

Neoclassical Theory

A

Seeks more flexibility in the Justice System such as individualizing sentences to take into account offender characteristics and extenuating circumstances.

Individualizing sentences:

  • Offender characteristics (e.g., age)
  • Mitigating circumstances (mental competence)
  • Motive
  • France - judges given more discretion
  • Gabriel Tarde
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16
Q

Packers Theory of Administrative Justice

A

Due Process———————————–—Crime Control

Liberal————————————–———Conservative

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17
Q

Punishment in the Classical Theory of Crime

A
  • Swift, Severe (enough) and Certain

  • If followed too long after the act is not an effective deterrent
  • Laws must be effective, clear, and simple to understand
18
Q

Recommendations of Classical Theory

A
  • Stop executing people for minor offences
  • Conduct Criminal matters - in public
  • Make Laws accessible
  • Separate Legislature from Judges

  • Laws to be set by legislatures while
  • Judges determined guilt & administered punishment
19
Q

Reasons for Discrediting of Eugenics 8

A
  • Cultural bias of IQ tests emerged
  • Link between individual characteristics and criminality?
  • Chromosomes, unusual EEG results, and other pathologies have been investigate
  • Evidence for biological, intellectual deficiencies and criminal behaviour weak
  • Eugenics movement inspired Nazi ideology
  • assuming biologic difference causes differential treatment
  • ignores sociostructural variables of anti-social behaviour
20
Q

Deterrence

A

Crime prevention through the fear of punishment

21
Q

Early 20th-Century Biological

(Goring, Hooton, Sheldon, Goddard)

A

Related criminality to several types of theroies of biological inferiority, including intelligence and body shape.

Theorists: _______ _______ _______ _______

22
Q

Eugenics movement

A

Responsible for the sterilization of people with intellectual disabilities in United States and Canada

23
Q

Positive School (Lombroso)

A

Founder of Positive School

24
Q

Heretics

A

Pre-18th century designation for challengers to the status quo. Subject to extreme punishment.

25
Q

Indeterminate Sentence

A

A Parole Board determines the release date based on an individual’s behaviour.

26
Q

The Inquisition

A
  • 1/2 million put to death in 300 years;
  • Witches were the scapegoat:
  • Mostly women, especially independent women
  • Witch Hunts - reinforced power of existing social hierarch
27
Q

Motives of Judeo-Christian Elites

A
  • Elites sought to silence rebellious people in times of social upheaval
  • Blaming social problems on Devil achieved two objectives:
  1. Diverted attention from elites, and placed blame on individuals who were “possessed” by Devil
  2. Those in power made themselves indispensable by saying only they could stop the Devil
  3. the distinction of sin v. crime is blurred
  4. Confluence of civil and religious authority
28
Q

Judeo-Christian Theory of Crime

A
  1. Temptation
  • We have free will and may chose behaviour
  • the Devll tempts
  • the righteous can resist
  1. Posession
  • Wrongdoers are possessed by evil spirits
  • Gild determined by trial by first, ordeal, etc.
  • Severe and fatal methodss to rid people of evil spirit
29
Q

Neo-Classical Theory

(Tarde)

A

Helped develop a more individualized system of criminal justice.

Theorist: ________

30
Q

Neo-Classical Theory (​Gabriel Tarde)

A

Responsible for Neoclassical Theory

31
Q

Positive School (Lombroso)

A
  • founded by Italian criminologist and his students Enrico Ferri & Raffaelo Garofolo
  • arose in first half of 19th century, associated with positivism, also known as the Italian School
  • Influenced by Darwin, Positive Sociologist Auguste Compte, and Sociologist Herbert Spencer
  • crime result of natural causes. Scientific method to compare crim v. non-crim: Physical differences.
  • rejected Classical School belief that humans are rational
  • Behaviour seen as result of structural factors beyond an individual’s control
  • examined Biological factors of crime
  • Large following, applied in criminal trials
  • his theories were accepted because they: were scientific and blamed individual instead of society; this appeal to ruling class.
32
Q

Positive School

(Lobroso)

A

Criminals are born, not made. They are atavisms who are less evolved than the law-abiding.

Theorists: _______

33
Q

Atavism (Lombardo’s Claims)

A
  • Draws on evolutionary theory. Atavists less evolved
  • Atavists innately driven to normal apes/savage behaviour
  • Born criminals display stigmata: physical signs of atavism
  • Different offenders display different stigmata (robbers have small, shifty fast moving eyes)
  • Women display fewer stigmata - primitive origins
  • Women less criminal due to maternaism, piety, dispassion
  • Offenders different categories: epileptics, criminally insane, criminals of passion, and criminaloids
34
Q

Contributions of Positive School 8

A

Classical theorists: punishment should fit the crime

Lombroso thought punishment should fit criminal; Born criminals need leniency as they have no control over their behaviour

  • Probation
  • Indeterminate sentences
  • Mitigating circumstance
35
Q

Problems with Lombardo and Positive 🎓 8

A
  • Scientific methodology was flawed:
  • Control groups, poorly chosen
  • Statistical techniques, crude
  • Measurements, often sloppy
  • Assumed those in prison criminals / free people not
36
Q

Classical, Neoclassical, and Positive

A

Most principles of our current Justice System are influenced by _________, __________, and _________ theories of crime.

37
Q

Statistical School

A

Arose in first half of 19th century

  • Associated with positivism
  • Crime - result of natural causes - scientific methods - behaviour altered
  • Rejected Classical school claim that humans were rational beings
  • Instead, people’s behaviour viewed as result of a number of social structural factors
38
Q

Statistical Theory (André-Michel Guerry, Adolphe Quetelet, Henry Mayhew)

A

Explored the social causes of crime. Related sturctural factors such as inequality to crime. Theorists: ________, ________, ________.

39
Q

Stigmata

A

physicaly or mental detectable markers of criminality

40
Q

The Bloody Era

A

18th-century England had 350 offences punishable by death

41
Q

The Enlightenment: Qualities

A
  • Scientific Revolution; change in thinking
  • Systematic Doubt; empirical/sensory verification
  • Away from fanaticism & religious superstition
  • Reason; scientific method (observation)
  • Scientific approach; crime/criminal behaviour
  • Reform - Classical School of Criminology

Intro to Criminology (7 decks)

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