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A-level Biology > Chapter 8 - DNA, genes and protein synthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - DNA, genes and protein synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a gene

A

a gene is a sequence of DNA bases that code for either a polypeptide or RNA

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2
Q

how are genes involved in making proteins

A

the order of dna bases on a gene determines the order of amino acids in a particular polypeptide. this polypeptide then determines the primary structure of a protein

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3
Q

How many bases code for one amino acid

A

three

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4
Q

what is functional RNA

A

RNA molecules other than mRNA that perform special tasks during protein synthesis

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5
Q

what is a cells genome

A

the complete set of genes in a cell

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6
Q

what is a cells proteome

A

the full range of proteins a cell is able to produce

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7
Q

what are most amino acids coded by

A

between two and six triplets

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8
Q

what will all chains of amino acids start with

A

methionine the start codon

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9
Q

what will all chains of amino acids include

A

a stop codon

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10
Q

what does the term non overlapping mean

A

each base is read only once

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11
Q

what are introns

A

non coding parts of dna

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12
Q

what is a dna molecule in a prokaryotic cell like

A

the dna molecules are carries as chromosomes but are shorter are circular
the dna supercoils to fit in the cell

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13
Q

what is eukaryotic dna like

A

it is a linear molecule that exists as chromosomes
the dna molecule is so long that it must be wound around proteins called histones to fit in the nucleus
this creates compact chromosomes

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14
Q

which organelles in eukaryotic cells also have their own dna

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts but it is shorter than other dna in the nucleus

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15
Q

what are homologous pairs

A

pair of matching chromosomes which are the same size and have the same genes

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16
Q

what are alleles

A

different forms of genes

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17
Q

what is the diploid number

A

the total number of chromosomes in an organism

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18
Q

how do alleles differ

A

they contain different base sequences so code for different proteins which create different versions of the same polypeptide

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19
Q

what are exons

A

sections of genes that code for amino acids

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20
Q

what are non coding repeats

A

sections of dna that are repeating but don’t code for amino acids

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21
Q

how many different amino acids are there

A

20

22
Q

why is dna degenerate

A

most amino acids are coded for by more than one triplet

23
Q

why is the genetic code describes as universal

A

the same triplet codes for the same amino acid in all organisms

24
Q

how do you get the mRNA sequence from a dna sequence

A

you use the complimentary base pairs but always switch t for u

25
Q

what does t stand for

A

thymine

26
Q

what does a stand for

A

adenine

27
Q

what does g stand for

A

guanine

28
Q

what does c stand for

A

cytosine

29
Q

what does u stand fo

A

uracil

30
Q

what is a codon

A

a triplet of bases that code for one amino acid

31
Q

how do you work out tRNA from mRNA

A

the complimentary pairs

tRNA contains uracil not thymine

32
Q

how do you work out the sequence of amino acids from a section of mRNA

A

break it down into codons and use information in the table

33
Q

how are di nucleotides formed

A

two nucleotides join together in a condensation reaction between the sugar on one nucleotide and the phosphate on another

34
Q

what bond is formed in polynucleotides

A

phosphodiester

35
Q

what are the purine bases

A

guanine and adenine

36
Q

what are the pyrimidine bases

A

thymine uracil and cytosine

37
Q

what is RNA made from

A

a single polynucleotide strand in which each nucleotide is made from a ribose sugar a base a c g u and a phosphate group

38
Q

function of mRNA

A

after it is formed through transcription it exits the nucleus through nuclear pores where it travels to the ribosome
it acts as a template for protein synthesis

39
Q

structure of tRNA

A

a single stranded molecule which is folded into a clover leaf shape held in place by strong hydrogen bonds between complementary bases
at one end there is an anticodon which is complementary to the triplet on the mRNA and at the other there is an amino acid bonding side

40
Q

function of tRNA

A

it carries amino acids used to make proteins to the ribosome

41
Q

what is transcription

A

the formation of pre mRNA from dna through complementary base pairing

42
Q

what is translation

A

mRNA and tRNA are used to convert the genetic code into the polypeptide chains needed to form proteins

43
Q

process of transcription

A

dna helices breaks the hydrogen bonds between nucleotides
this causes the double helix to unravel
one of the strands acts as a template strand
using this ran polymerase attaches
complementary nucleotides form the cytoplasm to the exposed strans
as the polymerase moves through the molecule and assembles the pre mRNA the double helix rejoins behind it and hydrogen bonds reform
when the polymerase reaches a stop codon it stops and detaches

44
Q

why does pre mRNA need to be spliced in prokaryotes

A

there are no introns in prokaryotes dna

45
Q

how are introns removed form eukaryotic dna

A

splicing

46
Q

what happens to pre mRNA to make mRNA

A

it is spliced introns are removes and exons are joined together

47
Q

what happens to a polypeptide chain after it has been made

A

it is coiled to form the secondary structure
the secondary structure is coiled to form the tertiary structure
different polypeptide chains are linked to form the quaternary structure

48
Q

process of translation

A

a ribosome becomes attached to the mRNA
a trna molecule carrying an amino acid with a complementary anticodon to the codon on the mRNA sequence attaches itself to the mRNA by completmentary base pairing
a second trna molecule attaches to the mRNA in the same way
two amino acids attached to the trna molecules join together with a peptide bond
the first trna molecule moves away leaving the amino acid behind
a third trna molecule attaches to the mRNA
by the same process its amino acid joins to the two amino acids already there
the second trna molecule moves away
this continues until the codon is reached
the polypeptide chain moves away from the ribosome
translation is complete

49
Q

what differs between amino acids

A

the r group

50
Q

do trna molecules have hydrogen bonds

A

yes

51
Q

which molecules are made form a single polypeptide strand

A

mRNA and trna

A-level Biology (19 decks)

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