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General Pyschology > Chapter 8: Development Across the Life Span > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Development Across the Life Span Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific study; changes that occur from conception to death

A

Human Development

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2
Q

One participant/group studied over long period of time

A

Longitudinal Design

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3
Q

Multiple different participant/age groups studied at one point in time

A

Cross-sectional Design

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4
Q

First studied by cross-sectional design; followed longitudinally

A

Cross-sequential Design

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5
Q

Impact on development; group shares common time period/life experience

A

Cohort Effect

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6
Q

Influence of inherited characteristics on personality

A

Nature

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7
Q

Influence of environment on personality

A

Nurture

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8
Q

Science of inherited traits

A

Genetics

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9
Q

Contains genetic material of organism

A

DNA

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10
Q

Section of DNA

A

Gene

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11
Q

Tightly wound strand of DNA

A

Chromosome(s)

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12
Q

Gene actively controls expression of trait

A

Dominant

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13
Q

Gene only influences when paired with an identical gene

A

Recessive

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14
Q

Diseases carried by ________ genes are inherited when a child inherits ____ _______ genes, ____ from each parent.

A

recessive; two recessive; one

(cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anemia, Tay-Sachs, phenylketonuria)

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15
Q

Extra chromosome in what would be the 21st pair

A

Down Syndrome

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16
Q

Extra sex chromosome in the 23rd pair

A

Klinefelter Syndrome

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17
Q

23rd pair is missing an X

A

Turner Syndrome
(short, infertile, & sexually underdeveloped)

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18
Q

Union of ovum (female egg) and sperm (male cell)

A

Fertilization

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19
Q

Total of 46 chromosomes; result of fertilization

A

Zygote

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20
Q

Identical twins; one zygote splits into two different cell masses (one fetus)

Egg fertilized by one sperm, then egg splits in half

A

Monozygotic Twins

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21
Q

Fraternal twins; two zygotes in uterus at the same time (two fetuses)

Two eggs fertilized by two different sperms

A

Dizygotic Twins

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22
Q

Study of ethical and moral issues; biology and medicine

A

Bioethics

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23
Q

2 weeks after fertilization; zygote moves to uterus and implants in lining

A

Germinal Period

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24
Q

2 to 8 weeks after fertilization; organism being formed

A

Embryo

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25
Q

2 to 8 weeks after fertilization; major organs and structures begin developing

A

Embryonic Period

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26
Q

Environmental influences impact development of infant

A

Critical Periods

27
Q

Any factor that can cause a birth defect

A

Teratogen

28
Q

Consumption of alcohol through pregnancy; combination of physical, mental, & behavioral problems

A

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

29
Q

8 weeks after conception until birth of baby

A

Fetal Period

30
Q

8 weeks after fertilization until birth of baby; developing organism

A

Fetus

31
Q

Born between 38-40 weeks? Born before 38 weeks?

A

Full term; Premature (preterm)

32
Q

Longer infant spent looking; more attracted to that stimulus

A

Preferential Looking

33
Q

Infants stop paying attention to stimulus that doesn’t change

A

Habituation

34
Q

Development of thinking, problem solving, and memory

A

Cognitive Development

35
Q

Mental concepts

A

Schemas

36
Q

First stage; infant uses senses and motor abilities to interact with objects

A

Sensorimotor Stage

37
Q

Knowledge object exists; not in sight

A

Object Permanence

38
Q

Second stage; preschool child uses language to explore world

A

Preoperational Stage

39
Q

Inability to see the world through someone else’s eyes

A

Egocentrism

40
Q

Young child focuses on one feature; ignores relevant parts

A

Centration

41
Q

Changing appearance does not change true nature of object

A

Conservation

42
Q

Young child unable to mentally reverse action

A

Irreversibility

43
Q

Third stage; school child capable of logic thought processes (beginner)
*capable of conservation and reverse thinking

A

Concrete Operations Stage

44
Q

Fourth stage; adolescent capable of abstract thinking

A

Formal Operations Stage

45
Q

More skilled helps less skilled learner

A

Scaffolding

46
Q

Vygotsky; child can do alone vs help of a teacher

A

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

47
Q

Neural disorder that encompasses a whole range of previous disorders

A

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

48
Q

Behavioral characteristics; easy, difficult, and slow to warm up; each person born with

A

Temperament

49
Q

Emotional bond with infant and caregiver

A

Attachment

50
Q

“Touching base”; infants explored as long as mother nearby, cried when gone

A

Secure Attachment

51
Q

No interest or concern about mother not being around

A

Avoidant Attachment

52
Q

“Mixed feelings”; clingy and unwilling to explore, wanted mother but would fight when she came back

A

Ambivalent Attachment

53
Q

Unsure how to react; avoid eye contact, dazed and depressed look

A

Disorganized-disoriented

54
Q

Image of oneself develops through interactions with important people in their life

A

Self-concept

55
Q

Theory that development occurs in eight stages; first four in infancy and childhood

A

Erikson’s Theory

56
Q

Contact comfort

A

Harry Harlow

57
Q

Stage that results in sense of independence because of ability to control his or her own options

A

Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt

58
Q

13 to early 20’s; no longer a child but not-yet self sustaining adult

A

Adolescence

59
Q

The peak of sexual development and bodily changes

A

Puberty

60
Q

Adolescents believe they are unique and protected from harm

A

Personal Fable

61
Q

Adolescent thought that other people are worried about your characteristics just as much as you are

A

Imaginary Audience

62
Q

Understanding of right and wrong

A

Moral Developement

63
Q

Infants learn trust dependency on how their needs are met

A

Trust vs Mistrust

General Pyschology (3 decks)

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