Chapter 6: Memory Flashcards
Active info from systems organizes and stores
Memory
Mental operations; senses become usable; brain storage system
Encoding (Putting it in)
Hold on to info period of time; seconds to lifetime
Storage (Keeping It In)
From storage to retrieval
Retrieval (Getting It Out)
Memory storage similar to computer processes; 3 stages
Information Processing Model
Memory processes; same time; neural connections
Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Model
Deeply processed model; more efficient for a long period of time
Levels-of-processing Model
Raw info; brief period of time
Sensory Memory
Visual sensory memory; fraction of a second
Iconic Memory (George Sperling,1960)
Visual memory; 30 seconds or more
Eidetic Imagery
Auditory memory; 2-4 seconds
Echoic Memory
Brief period of time while in use; 12-30 seconds
Short-term Memory (STM)
Focus on one stimulus; ignore others
Selective Attention
Active system; process info to STM
Working memory
Numbers read, recall in order
Digit-span Test (George Miller)
Remembering to maintain in STM “saying”
Maintenance Rehearsal
Info kept more or less permanently
Long-term Memory (LTM)
“Rotating” info; repetition over-over
Rote
Transfer from STM to LTM in a meaningful way
Elaborative Rehearsal
LTM to conditioned responses (skills, habits)
Nondeclarative Memory (implicit)
Loss of memory due to injury; unable to develop new memories
Anterograde Amnesia
LTM info conscious and known
Declarative Memory (explicit)
Type of declarative; general knowledge/education
Semantic Memory
Type of declarative; personal info
Episodic Memory
Model (assumes) stored in connected fashion
related concepts stored closer to each other
Semantic Network Model
Memory first formed available when retrieved (location)
Encoding Specifity
Pulled from memory; few external cues (essays, short answer)
Recall
Match stored info (image/fact) (multiple-choice)
Recognition
Information at beginning & end remembered ONLY
Serial Position Effect
Beginning remembered ONLY
Primacy Effect
End remembered ONLY
Recency Effect
Info enter LTM with no effort
Automatic Encoding
Unexpected event; strong emotional associations
Flashbulb Memory
Retrieval of memories (altered, revised, influenced)
Constructive Processing
Falsely believe; revision of old to new “correctly predicted”
Hindsight Bias
“Mis”leading info shown after event; altars memories
Misinformation Effect
Creation of “false” memories; suggestions of others (hypnosis)
False-memory Syndrome
Multiple-choice? ______ Essay?________
Recognition; Recall
Less accurate in memory of type of sign than those given no information
Loftus 1978 Study (stop & yield signs)
Forgetting within first hour after after learning a list
Curve of forgetting (Hermann Ebbinghaus)
Including breaks between study periods
Distributed Practice
Failure to process info into memory
Encoding Failure
Psychical change in brain; memory formed
Memory Trace
Loss of memory, after time; memory trace not in use
Decay
Memories not used will decay and disappear
Disuse
Older info interferes with learning new info
Proactive Interference
Newer info interferes with retrieving old info
Retroactive Interference
Changes in structure and fxn of neurons; memory formed
Consolidation
Responsible for formation of long-term declarative memories
Hippocampus
Nondeclarative memories stored here
Cerebellum
Fear related memories
Amygdala
Loss of memory from injury backwards; past memory gone
Retrograde Amnesia
Inability to retrieve memories from before age 3
Infantile Amnesia
Memory for events & facts, related to one’s personal life story
Autobiographical Memory
Chantal is very afraid of clowns, no doubt because she was frightened by one when she was very young. Chantal’s memories of that fearful encounter are likely to be associated with the ____
A. prefrontal cortex.
B. cerebellum.
C. amygdala.
D. posterior cingulate cortex.
C. amygdala.
Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.) suffered from profound retrograde amnesia after his _____ were surgically removed in an attempt to control his seizures.
A. frontal lobes
B. amygdalae
C. hippocampi
D. thalami
C. hippocampi
