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Marine Bio > Chapter 8: Continental Shelf Seabeds > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Continental Shelf Seabeds Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what percentage of the global sea habitats are the continental shelf seabeds?

A

8%

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2
Q

What are some defining characteristics of the continental shelf seabeds?

A
  • mostly euphotic
  • mineral and organic inputs from rivers
  • strong mixing
  • upwelling
  • most productive marine biome
  • fuels strong secondary production
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3
Q

what percentage of the word’s fisheries are taken from the continental seabed?

A

90%

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4
Q

what changes are being caused to the continental shelf seabed from overusage?

A
  • overfishing
  • eutrophication
  • mineral extraction
  • waste dumping
  • oil spills
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5
Q

what are some physical forcing processes in which the CSS are influenced?

A
  • glaciation events
  • currents
  • waves
  • the formations of fronts
  • water turbidity
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6
Q

how has wave action influenced secondary production?

A

by limiting the body size of organisms that can survive in a highly energetic environment

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7
Q

what influence does current flow have on organisms?

A
  • the active/passive transport of organisms, gametes, and food supply rate
  • causes physical limitations on organism types that can survive
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8
Q

when are currents increased?

A

when water moves through, or around, land-bounded restrictions or across irregularities in the seabed topography

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9
Q

describe the differences btwn east and west coast shelves

A 
West:
narrow shelf
steep slope
inward prevailing winds
East:
broader shelf
gradual slope
outward prevailing winds
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10
Q

what areas are algae restricted to?

A

narrow zones of near-shore shallow waters in regions where major riverine discharge and near-bed tidal resuspension of sediments increase the turbidity of the water column.

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11
Q

what are some constraints attached to a biota’s body size in regard to habitat?

A
  • burrowing restricted by respiration and burrowing ability

- attached biota restricted by physical processes, like current velocity

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12
Q

what are some typical characteristics of biota that live in high levels of shear stress?

A
  • highly flexible or encrusting

- shelter seeking

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13
Q

explain frontal systems

A
  • full salinity water approaches the coastline
  • interacts with lower salinity water discharged as an estuarine plume
  • difference in density btwn the 2 bodies of water sets up a frontal system
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14
Q

depth and turbidity: why does it matter?

A
  • important determinants of the distribution of benthic algae in the shallow waters
  • estuarine plumes usually severely light-limited
  • turbid areas may be dominated by animals, and algae restricted to shallowest waters.
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15
Q

the seven continental shelf ecosystems are categorized according to what?

A

physical processes and biology

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16
Q

what are the 7 continental shelf ecosystems?

A

1-polar: perm ice cover
2-polar: partial/complete ice disp
3-mid-latitude: spring/autumn blooms
4-topo forced Summer production
5-inermittent production at coastal divergence
6- small response to Trade Wind seasonality; coastal river discharges
7-small response to trade wind seasonality; insignificant river discharge

17
Q

Region 1

A

Polar; permanent ice cover

  • light limited
  • low phyto- and zooplankton product.
  • many benthic invertebrates, low fish and squid pop diversity
18
Q

Region 2

A

Polar; partial or complete ice dispersion

  • shallow halocline
  • light limited
  • productivity increase with ice-melt, then declines
  • productivity>consumption, supporting rich and diverse macrobenthos
  • low fish diversity
19
Q

Region 3

A

Mid-Latitude; spring/autumn blooms.

  • winter and autumn mixing
  • spring water column stability, productivity pulse
  • summer stratification, low productivity
  • wind induced coastal convergence and divergence
  • abundant, diverse autotrophic production passing through macrobenthos
20
Q

Region 4

A

Topography-forced summer production

-similar to region 3, but phytoplankton peak mid-summer, not spring.

21
Q

Region 5

A

Intermittent Production at coastal divergence

  • trade winds (strong Ekman drift, causing upwelling. Lot of 1* produc)
  • high biomass, little diversity
  • abundant benthic consumers
22
Q

Region 6

A

Small response to Trade wind seasonality, coastal river discharges

  • weak seasonality in depth of mixed layer
  • strong seasonality of riverine discharges into low salinity surface layer (rainy/dry seasons)
  • resuspension of inshore organic rich sediment by monsoon waves
  • small sized autotrophs and consumers
  • diverse fish fauna
23
Q

Region 7

A

Small response to Trade wind seasonality, insignificant river discharge

  • dry coast
  • weak seasonality in depth of mixed layer
  • photic depth is deeper than nutrient cline
  • benthic primary production
  • high water clarity
  • diverse coral reef formation and fish fauna
  • high density of filter-feeding crabs
  • complex trophic link between fish and benthic invertebrates
24
Q

what are the sea bed position of biota?

A
  • epibiota
  • epibenthic
  • infaunal
  • microbial communities
25
Q

what are the types of life modes and mobility of biota?

A
  • sessile biota
  • mobie epifauna
  • habitat affinity
26
Q

representative species are categorized by what two main things?

A

What they consume:
-predators, scavengers, herbivores, filter feeders, suspension feeders
What they do:
-bioturbators, eco-engineers

27
Q

what is the importance of filter feeders?

A

bentho-pelagic coupling: process phytoplankton an suspended OM into faeces and pseudofaeces which are deposited on the seabed. This is rich in OM, which can be taken up by the microbial community

28
Q

what do suspension feeders feed on?

A

processed OM as a result of faces and pseudofaces of filter feeders.

29
Q

what are bioturbators, and what is their important role?

A
  • re-work sois and sediments
  • works soils up to 2m deep, aerating
  • increase the surface area available for oxygen and nutrient exchange that encourages enhanced microbial activity on and in the burrow walls.
30
Q

ecosystem-engineering biota

A

if a significant decrease in a population occurs, the E-E biota take their place, which means that the linkage btwn one trophic level and another is strong.

31
Q

why is it important to not limit research to one particular species on the continental seabed shelf?

A

you may miss more relevant patterns at higher levels of organization within communities.

32
Q

what are biotopes and what are their significance?

A

characterized biological communities of indicator species and habiats

  • useful for conservation agencies for classification
  • infinite characterization!
33
Q

what type of specific habitats are there in the continental seabed shelf?

A
  • dominated by sediments
  • hard habitat relatively rare
  • soft habitats depend on processes
34
Q

hard habitats:

A
  • relatively rare in the continental shelf seabed
  • exist in a range of low to high environmental stress
  • occupied y encrusting sessile biota
35
Q

soft habitats:

what does the stability of these habitats depend on?

A

physical, biological an chemical processes

36
Q

what are biogenic reefs?

A

structures created by aggregations of organisms which form a discrete community
-contribute to large amounts of seabed habitat

Marine Bio (14 decks)

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