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Marine Bio > Chapter 5: Etuaries > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Etuaries Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the four size gradients of tides?

A

Microtidal 6m

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2
Q

what are the five zones of the estuary, and their salinity?

A

1: Head,

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3
Q

what are the four environmental variables of estuaries?

A

salinity
sediment
DO
temp

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4
Q

why do estuaries typically have low DO concentration?

A

due to anaerobic bacteria in the mud.

–> breaks down OM, can result in methane or hydrogen sulphide

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5
Q

what is the importance of temperature in estuaries?

A
  • can be a trigger for reproduction or migration
  • can be more important than salinity
  • influence the speed of bacteria breakdown
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6
Q

what are the 3 scenarios for colonization of estuaries after glacial retreat?

A
  • REFUGIA: recolonization by organisms similar to those present before glaciation
  • REMAINED IN BRACKISHWATER: in lower latitudes then re-colonized higher latitudes
  • NO REFUGIA: evolution after each post-glacial period
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7
Q

Estuarine organisms originated from which two possible sources?

A
  • FW origin extending into estuaries from rivers

- Marine sp. colonizing estuaries from the sea

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8
Q

why must a species be resilient to live in estuary environmets?

A

environements are dynamic, stressful, and produce strong evolutionary selection forces.

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9
Q

what are the three most abundant FW groups to colonize estuaries?

A
  • Oligochaetes most successful
  • Fish
  • Pulmonate molluscs
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10
Q

what are the prevalent species groups of the mudflats?

A
  • polychaetes
  • oligochates
  • small crustaceans (amphipods)
  • benthic diatoms
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11
Q

hyperosmotic

A

uptake of water by organism which has an internal fluid concentration greater than surrounding water

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12
Q

osmoconformer

A
  • little if any ability to osmoregulate

- high tolerance to diluted blood concentrations

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13
Q

which species group are the most efficient osmoregulators?

A

Crustaceans

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14
Q

Organisms found in the most variable conditions within an estuary are not necessarily the most sophisticated osmoregulators, but simply the most ________.

A

tolerant

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15
Q

______ enables organisms to adapt to various salinities even with limited osmoregulatory capabilites

A

Physiological plasticity

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16
Q

what are impacts of increased FW inflow?

A

-large decrease in salinity
-can boost estuarine productivity
ORGANISMS CAN:
-tolerate changes
-migrate/drift
-die

17
Q

what are impacts of reduction of FW flow?

A

-upsteam movement of spp
-increase in salinity upstream can have dramatic effects
-productivity of estuary affected
(meiofauna, phytoplankton)

18
Q

name factors influencing fish communities in estuarine habitats

A
  • water temp main one
  • DO
  • habitat complexity
  • variations in climate
19
Q

low plant biomass and 1* productivity. EXCEPTIONS:

A

seagrass beds

systems at outer estuaries (mangroves, saltmarshes)

20
Q

production is dominated by what?

A

detritus.

due to organic carbon in sediment of mudflats

21
Q

where does the detritus come from?

A

marine (algae by tide)
semi terrestrial (saltmarshes)
terrestrial (leaf litter etc)

22
Q

why is the huge number of detritivores important to the food web?

A

supports fish and birds, influences trophic interactions

23
Q

how do estuaries influence birds?

A

key feeding areas, especially for migrating spp.

24
Q

how do birds influence estuaries?

A
  • major bioturbators
  • some cases re-work top sediment 8 times in 3 months
  • eat roots as well as leaves
25
Q

foraging birds:

what does it mean, ‘ideal free distribution’

A

that the birds have non-uniform distribution. They are free to go where the rate of reward is the greatest. good patches with higher competition, less suitable patch with less competition.

26
Q

General description of saltmarshes

A
  • mostly exposed to air
  • submerged @ high tide
  • areas vegetated by herbs, grasses or low shrubs
  • top end of mudflats
  • plants play an important role
27
Q

what are the function of the saltmarsh?

A
  • reproduction area
  • refuge (environmental stress, predation)
  • foraging area
28
Q

how do tropic estuaries compare to temperate?

A

temperate: newer due to glaciation, less effective evolutionary time.
tropic: older and more diversification. hypersaline due to intense evaporation.

29
Q

what is the spp diversity like in estuaries compared to other regions?

A

less diversity, as less species are able to survive harsh conditions.

30
Q

hyposaline seas

A
31
Q

Baltic Sea (quick overview)

A
  • similar range of spp as estuaries
  • no tides and a stable salinity
  • allows further penetration of spp into lower salinity areas
  • a mixture of FW and Marine species unlike anywhere else worldwide
32
Q

Hyper saline waters

A
  • coastal
  • salinity >34
  • evaporation rate > inflow of FW
  • decrease diversity with increase salinity from 34
33
Q

what is an example of a hypersaline water, and some features.

A

Crimea peninsula

  • long, thin, isolated by land barrier
  • limited water exchange
  • minimal tides
  • organisms originate from sea
34
Q

Lagoons

A

-very shallow
-wide range of salinity
-diverse submerged plant community
-small areas of sea semi-isolated by a barrier
-deposition of sand:
begins offshore, builds a barrier w/o connecting to land, or barrier extends from the land.

35
Q

when were most estuaries formed? 6

A

6-10000 years ago (last ice age)

36
Q

where can most of the best osmoregulators be found?

A

in the mud

Marine Bio (14 decks)

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