Chapter 8: Circulation and Immunity Flashcards
Circulatory System
The transportation system. It is made of three main components: the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Atria
The two top chambers that fill with blood returning either from the body or the lungs.
Ventricles
The two bottom chambers; they receive blood from the atria and pump it out to either the body or the lungs.
Septum
Thick muscular wall that separates the atria and ventricles from one another.
Vena Cavea
Two large vessels that deliver oxygen-poor blood to the right side of the heart. The superior vena cava collects oxygen poor- blood from tissues in the head, chest and arms. The inferior vena cava collects oxygen-poor blood coming from tissues from elsewhere in the body.
Pulmonary Arteries
From the right ventricle oxygen-poor blood is sent through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs for gas exchange.
Pulmonary Veins
Oxygen rich blood flows from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atria.
Aorta
From the left ventricle all the blood going to the body tissues leaves through the Aorta.
Valves
The doorways that ensure that blood flows in the correct direction. The atrioventricular vale on the right side is called the tricuspid and the atrioventricular valve on the left side is called the bicuspid.
Arteries
Blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.
Veins
Blood vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood toward the heart.
Capillaries
The smallest blood vessels where gases, nutrients, and other materials are transferred to tissue cells and wastes including gases move into the blood.
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
A bundle of specialized muscle tissue found in the wall of the right atrium that stimulate cardiac muscle cells to contract and relax rhythmically.
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
A bundle of specialized muscle tissue located in the wall of the right atrium; receives electrical stimulus from the SA node and transmits the impulse over the walls of the ventricles to stat their contraction.
Blood Pressure
The pressure blood exerts against the vessel walls as it passes through.
Systolic Pressure
The maximum pressure during the ventricular contraction.
Diastolic Pressure
The lowest pressure before the ventricles contract again.
Pulmonary Pathway
The pathway that transports oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
Systemic Pathway
The pathway that moves the oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the body tissues.
Coronary Pathway
Provides blood to the muscle tissue of the heart itself.
Plasma
The fluid portion of the blood.
Formed Portion
The solid portion of the blood. Consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Red Blood Cells or Erythrocyte
The blood cell that contains the respiratory protein hemoglobin and is specialized for oxygen transport.
Hemoglobin
Found in red blood cells, contains iron and carries oxygen.
White Blood Cells or Leucocytes
Colourless blood cell that protects the body from infection by way of the immune response and plays a role in allergic reactions and inflammation.
Platelets
Fragments of cells that form when larger cells in the bone marrow break apart. Play a key role in blood clotting.
Vasodilation
Expansion of the blood vessels. Vasodilation near the skin brings more blood to the surface to help reduce body temperature.
Vasoconstriction
A decrease in the diameter of the blood vessels. Vasoconstriction near the skin converses body heat.
Interstitial Fluid
Fluid that surrounds all cells in the body.
Hemophilia
A life threatening disorder that results from insufficient clotting proteins in the blood.
Leukemia
Cancer of the white blood cells. Two main types are myeloid and lymphoid.
Lymphatic Circulatory System
A network of vessels with associated glands and nodes that extend throughout the body.
Lymph
Interstitial fluid that is carried throughout the body in the lymphatic system.
Non-specific Defences or Cell Mediated Immunity
Non-specific component of the immune system that involves the activation of white blood cells (macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes) rather than the production of antibodies.
Phagocytosis
The process by which a cell ingests another cell.
Macrophages
White blood cell that that develops from a monocyte and does phagocytosis.
Immunity
How the body protects itself from foreign substances by using antibodies to recognize and destroy the foreign substances. Foreign substances are disease causing agents and such.
Specific Defences or Antibody-mediated Immunity
Part of the immune system that activates lymphocytes and the release of antibodies to fight specific antigens.
Antibodies
Proteins that recognize recognize foreign substances in the body and neutralize or destroy them.
Lymphocyte
Type of white blood cell involved in specific and nonspecific defence. Two types are B and T cells.
B Cells
Lymphocyte that is activated by a specific antigen to produce memory B cells and plasma cells.
T Cells
Lymphocyte that is primarily responsible for specific defence. Activates immune cells, destroys invading pathogens, suppression of cellular immunity, promotes immune response upon reinfection.
Antigens
Molecule found on the surface of cells and pathogens. Used to ID.
Helper T Cells
Upon recognizing an antigen gives off chemical signals that stimulate certain immune cells.
Killer T Cells
Binds with infected cells and destroys them by puncturing a hole in their membrane.
Suppressor T Cell
Slows the immune response to ensure that healthy tissues are not destroyed.
Memory T Cell
Carries receptors for specific antigens that have been encountered before.
ABO System
Classification system for blood. The presence or absence of type A or B antigens on red blood cells determines the type.
Rh Factor
Group of antigens found in most red blood cells. With Rh is + without is -.