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Biochemistry I > Chapter 8 Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are the function of carbohydrates (saccharides)

A
  • provide energy
  • supply carbon for the synthesis of cell components
  • serve as a form of stored chemical energy
  • form part of the structures of some cells and tissues
  • C is the site of synthesis of cell components
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2
Q

What are the different classes of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharide-glucose, fructose

Disaccharide-sucrose (3)

Oligosaccharide- raffinose

Polysaccharide-starch, cellulose, glycogen

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3
Q

What are the most simplest carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

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4
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Monosaccharides are aldehydes or ketones that contain two or more alcohol groups.

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5
Q

What are the smallest monosaccharides composed of?

A

3 carbons

1) Dihydroxyacetone
2) D-Glyceraldehyde
3) L-Glyceraldehyde

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6
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Have same molecular formula but different structures

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7
Q

What is a constitutional isomer?

A

They differ in the order of arrangement of atoms

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8
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Atoms connected in the same order but have different spacial arrangment

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9
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

Non superimposable images

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10
Q

What are diastereoisomers?

A

isomers that are NOT mirror images

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11
Q

What are Epimers?

A

Different at one of several asymmetric C atoms

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12
Q

What are Anomers?

A

Isomers that differ at a new asymmetric C atom formed on a ring closure

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13
Q

What is an aldose?

A

sugar with aldehyde group

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14
Q

What is a ketose?

A

sugar with ketone group

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15
Q

What does triose mean?

A

3 Carbons

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16
Q

What does tetrose mean?

A

4 carbons

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17
Q

What does pentose mean?

A

5 carbons

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18
Q

What does hexose mean?

A

6 carbons

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19
Q

What are the monosaccharides you have to know? (7)

A

Aldotriose—D-Glyceraldehyde
Aldopentoses—D-Ribose
Aldohexoses—
D-Glucose—(EPIMERS OF EACH OTHER)– D-Mannose and finally D-Galactose

Ketotriose—Dihydroxyacetone
Ketohexoses—D-Fructose

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20
Q

Pentoses and hexoses of aldoses and ketoses form what two ring structures?

A

Hemiacetal and Hemiketal
–The chemical basis for ring formation is that an aldehyde can react with an alcohol to form a hemiacetal, while a ketone can react with an alcohol to form a hemiketal.

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21
Q

In the case of glucose, the resulting intramolecular hemiacetal, a six- carbon ring, is called a _____ because of its resemblance to ______.

A

pyranose and pyran

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22
Q

In the case of the ketose fructose, the intramolecular hemiketal, a five-carbon ring, is called a _____ because of its resemblance to ____.

A

furanose and furan

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23
Q

What is the most stable monosaccharide?

A

pyranose because they exist in 6 C rings rather than 5 C rings

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24
Q

If you have a sugar in a beaker and the solution is BLUE. You add Cu to the mixture and the solution becomes dark grey. This means the sugar is ______, which means it has a(n) ________ group.

A

reducing, aldehyde

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25
Q

________ can be modified and attached to proteins

A

simple sugars

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26
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

the linkage of two sugars

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27
Q

For maltose, a disaccharide, what is the linkage that attaches the two glucose molecules?

A

O-glycosidic bond

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28
Q

What is the function of glycosyltransferases?

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of glycosidic bonds.

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29
Q

The monosaccharide substrates for glycosyltransferases are activated by attachment to _______?

A

uridine diphosphate (UDP)

30
Q

UDP +glucose + HX —> sugar + glucose & UDP

A

General form of a glycosyltransferase reaction

31
Q

What are the three common disaccharides?

A

1) Sucrose
2) Lactose
3) Maltose

32
Q

What are the two functions of a polysaccharide?

A

storage and structure

33
Q

What are the two forms of storage in a polysaccharide?

A

glucose and starch (amylose, amylopectin)

34
Q

What are polyaccharides?

A

more than 10 sugar groups linked together

35
Q

What are the two storage forms of glucose?

A

glycogen and starch

36
Q

The polyaccharide ____ is the storage form of _____ in animals

A

glycogen, glucose

37
Q

Most glucose units in glycogen are lined by _______, with branches formed by _________ bonds every _____ glucose units.

A

α-1, 4-glycosidic bonds
α-1, 6-glycosidic bonds
10

38
Q

In plants, glucose is stored as starch of which there are two forms, what are these two forms?

A

amylose and amylopectin

39
Q

Amylose is what kind of polymer?
How are the glucose units linked?
Is there branching?

A

Amylose is a linear polymer of glucose units linked by α-1, 4-glycosidic bonds with NO branching, all alpha 1-4

40
Q

Amylopectin is what kind of polymer?
How are the glucose units linked?
Is there branching?

A

Amylopectin is a branched polymer, with an α-1, 6-glycosidic bond for every 30 α-1,
4-glycosidic bonds.

41
Q

_________, a structural component of plants, is made of chains of glucose

A

Cellulose

42
Q

Cellulose is what kind of polymer and what are the glucose units linked by?

A

Cellulose is a homopolymer of glucose units linked by β-1, 4-glycosidic bond.

43
Q

What does the beta linkage in cellulose make it capable of doing?

A

The β linkage yields a straight chain capable of interacting with other cellulose molecules to from strong fibrils. It is also optimal for high tensile strenghth

44
Q

What do the alpha linkages of starch in glycogen make it capable of doing?

A

The α linkages of starch and glycogen form compact hollow cylinders suitable for accessible storage of sugar.

45
Q

Describe the kind of polymer Cellulose is for example are the chains branched or unbranched? What are the chains made of? And what are these chains connected by?

A

Cellulose is a polymer consisting of long, unbranched chains of D-glucose connected by β-1,4 glycosidic linkages

46
Q

Proteins with carbohydrates attached are called ________.

How many classes are there?

A

glycoproteins and 3

47
Q

What are the 3 classes of glycoproteins?

A

1) Glycoproteins
2) Proteoglycans
3 ) Mucins or mucoproteins diff sugar groups attached to them

48
Q

What kind of proteins have specific amino acids with sugar linkages attached?

A

GLYCOPROTEIN

49
Q

Post-translational modification= what?

A

GLYCOSYLATION

50
Q

What is the largest component by weight of the glycoproteins?

A

Protien

51
Q

Similar to ser is an amino
acid that can bind to
sugars. Which is it?

A

Threonine (thr)

52
Q

Where can the sugar groups attach to the proteins? (hint: two different kind of linkages)

A

They can attach to (+) ASN or LYS which attach by the N linkage
They can also attach to the neutral (OH) amino acids SER and THR by an O linkage

53
Q

______ is a glycoprotein that is secreted by the kidney into the blood that stimulates the production of red blood cells.

A

Erythropoietin

54
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

Proteoglycans are key components of the extracellular matrix and serve as lubricants.

55
Q

What are proteoglycans attached to?

A

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)—SUGARS which make up 95% of the weight (carbohydrate outweighs the protein)

56
Q

Glycosaminoglycans are composed of repeating units of a _________, one of which is a derivative of an amino sugar and one of which carries a negative charge, either as a ______ or _____.

A

disaccharide

carboxylate or sulfate

57
Q

Proteoglycans are important components of what?

A

Cartilage
—Cartilage is composed of the proteoglycan aggrecan and protein collagen. The glycosaminoglycan component of aggrecan cushions joints by releasing water on impact, and then rebinding water.

58
Q

Glycosylation on _______ acts to communicate the information to other cells-result in metastasis

A

Mucin1

59
Q

Where are mucins commonly found?

A

mucous secretions

60
Q

What are mucins over expressed in?

A

tumors

61
Q

The more stable a mucin, the more ________ it can be

A

metastatic

62
Q

Blood groups are differentiated by _____?

A

Glycosylation

ex: A, B, and O oligosaccharide antigens

63
Q

What is the structure of a peptidoglycan?

A

a) repeating disaccharide unit and b) Cross-linking of the peptidoglycan macromolecule

64
Q

How does penicillin work?

A

When you add penicillin, the enzyme takes on penicillin,
and the cell wall will break down
(Penicillin basically inhibits a transpeptidase involved in bacterial cell wall formation)

65
Q

_______ are a particular class of glycan-binding protein.

A

Lectins

66
Q

Lectins on one cell recognizes and binds to _______ on another cell with weak interactions. Such binding facilitates ___________.

A

carbohydrates

cell-cell interaction

67
Q

What are lectins?

A

they are carbohydrate-binding proteins which have sockets in them (like lock and key)

68
Q

What are selectins?

A

A class of lectins (specific carbohydrate binding protein). Some selectins will bind immune cells to sites of injury.

69
Q

What are the two important features of the influenza virus?

A

hemagluttin—selectin binding protein and sialic acid is recognized by hemagluttin group

70
Q

Once hemagluttin and sialic acid is attached (in the influenza virus), ________ cuts the bonds b/w the reaction and allows the entry of virus into cell

A

Neuraminidase

71
Q

What does tamiflu do in the reaction of the hemagluttin and sialic acid?

A

It inhibits/blocks Neuraminidase where the virus will just sit there and the NOT allow the entry of the virus into the cell

72
Q

What can cause tamiflu resistance?

A

If Neuraminidase starts to change then they will have to completely change tamiflu itself

Biochemistry I (7 decks)

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