Chapter 8 Biology Flashcards
1
Q
Is one of the most amazing designs in God’s living creation
A
The human nervous system
2
Q
Biologist who study the nervous system is a
A
Neurobiologist (Nero means nerve)
3
Q
A physician who specializes in disorders of the nervous system is a
A
Neurologist
4
Q
The central nervous system includes the
A
The brain and spinal cord in case in bone for protection
5
Q
Consists of the nerve that branch from the brain and spinal cord
A
Peripheral nervous system
6
Q
The brain which is protected by the______ is the principal Oregon for the nervous system
A
Cranium
7
Q
The brain communicates with most of the bodies through the spinal cord
A
A sick bundle of nerve fiber located in the spinal cavity
8
Q
These 31 pairs of_______ transmit nerve signals to and from the rest of the body
A
Spinal nerves
9
Q
Another 12 pairs of nerves_____________ branches directly from the brain, stem and transmits nerve signals to and from the eyes, ears, mouth face and scalp
A
The cranial nerves
10
Q
The brain and spinal cord covered by a triple layer of protective tissue known as
A
Meninges
11
Q
The _________ which is one of the strongest tissues of the body serves primarily as a flexible protective layer
A
Dura matter
12
Q
The____ is composed of thin fibers like those of a spiderweb that form an intricate three dimensional network around the brain
A
Arachnoid mater
13
Q
A clear fluid called___ circulates through the arachnoid mater cushioning the brain when you bump your head
A
Cerebrospinal fluid
14
Q
Beneath the arachnoid mater is the_____ that forms a delicate covering that rests directly against the brain and spinal cord
A
Pia mater
15
Q
The brain and spinal cord are made of two basic kinds of cells
A
Glial cells Which support and insulate nerve tissue and neurons the actual nerve cell
16
Q
Each cell body of every neuron has a
A
Nucleus which controls its metabolic activities and most of its nerve cells cytoplasm
17
Q
What is a dendrite
A
A shorten branch extension of a cell that receives nerve impulses from other neurons and conducts them towards the cell body
18
Q
From the dent right to the cell body from the cell body to the axon
A
Nerve impulses travel in one direction in a nerve fiber
19
Q
The gray matter
A
Found within the brain and spinal cord consists of cell bodies of a neuron that is gray because the cell body lacks the specialized covering known as myelin
20
Q
The white matter
A
Of the brain and spinal cord on the other hand is composed of axons and glial cells That are white because of their myelin content
21
Q
Neuron cell bodies are only found in the
A
Brain the spinal cord and the ganglia masses of the cell
22
Q
Axons from some ganglia joined to form a
A
Plexus a network of interconnected nerve fibers going to or from a region
23
Q
Located on the back of the neck or shoulders branches to form the median nerve and other arm nerves
A
Brachial nerves
24
Q
A group of bodies in the brain or the spinal cord is known as a
A
Nerve center
25
The nerve centers in the__ of the brain control your breathing
Medulla oblagata
26
Neurons that transmit information to the nervous system from the senses site hearing taste, touch smell smell as well as pain sensors are called the
Sensory neurons
27
Neurons that relay signals from the central nervous system to other parts of the body are
Motor neurons
28
Found in the central nervous system release signals between neurons and groups of neurons, and are responsible for the process of information by the brain, like the logic circuits of a computer
Inter neurons
29
These tightly sealed capillary walls known as ______ protect the central nervous system from being permanently damaged when your sick
Blood brain barrier
30
Your Brain has its own white blood cells called __________ which helps protect the brain from infections
Microglia
31
When invading microorganisms go into the Nerf tissues and affect the meninges, they can cause a disease called
Meningitis
32
Pressure on the brain, impairing its function, causing the patient to become delirious or slip into a_____ the state of prolong unconsciousness brain damage can also result
Coma
33
A serious disease that attacks the spinal cord is______
Poliomyelitis or polio
34
A disease that enters the motor neurons in the spinal cord the________ destroys some of them
Anterior horn cells
35
The ______ which consists of _____ bundles of nerve fibers or axons branching from the brain and spinal cord and connecting the central nervous system to the extremities of the body
Peripheral nervous system and nerves
36
The ______ one of the longest nerves in the body and connect the leg extremities with the spinal cord on the lower back
Sciatic nerve
37
Most nerves contain sensory and motor fibers known as ______
Mixed nerves
38
________carry impulses from light sound touch and pain from other parts of the body like the spinal cord and brain for analysis
Sensory nerve fibers
39
______ Carrie impulses from the brain to the spinal cord to produce action in muscles and organs
Motor nerve fibers
40
The part of the peripheral system that controls the heart and other internal organs is called
Autonomatic nervous system
41
Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which are both controlled by the__________ of the brain
Hypothalamus
42
____________ generally responds to your body needs during increased activity and emergency heartbeat and breathing rates increasing and pumping blood into your body so you could respond quicker
Sympathetic division
43
___________ acts as a balance to counteract the actions of the sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division
44
Neurons unlike other parts of the body cells rarely
Reproduce
45
The axons, extending from the nerve cell bodies from the peripheral nerve are surrounded by special glial cells called
Schwann cells
46
In the brain and spinal cord myelin for axons are provided by special glial cells called _________ instead of Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes
47
As time passes, permanent damage is most likely leading to grad_____ the inability of muscles to move
Paralysis
48
This wave of electoral activity called an _______ is propagated by fast acting voltage sensing ion gates, that quickly open and close, allowing sodium and potassium ions to briefly flow into and out of the cell
Action potential
49
The axon of a neuron ends at a_______ an enclosed junction between two neurons or a neuron and another cell
Synapse
50
The ________ is a synapse between a neuron and a muscle fiber
Neuromuscular junction
51
When the action potential reaches the synapse it causes chemical known as a_____ to be released into the synapse
Neurotransmitter
52
A potent inhibitor of impulse transmission in motor nerves is____ a powerful poison that is responsible for the most deadly type of blood poisoning_____
Botulinum toxin
Botulism
53
The most toxic substance known to man this toxin is manufactured by the bacterium______ and is sometimes found in spoiled or improperly canned foods
Clostridium botulinum
54
One serious disease of the nervous system ______affects the patients control of posture and movement. It is characterized by tumors, shaking, and stiffness of the limbs.
Parkinson’s disease
55
Parkinson’s disease appears to result from a lack of neurotransmitter_____ in the motor control areas of the brain caused by damage to a region of the midbrain that produces
Dopamine
56
The simplest act of the nervous system is a______ a quick automatic response in the simplest nerve pathway is a ______ which may involve as few as two or three nerve cells
Reflex and reflex arc
57
The largest most important part of the nervous system has three main parts
Brain
58
The upper part of the brain coordinates thought memory and learned behaviors
The cerebrum
59
The lower part of the brain helps control balance, and coordinate voluntary muscle activity
The cerebellum
60
The part that connects to the spinal cord controls the involuntary muscles and activities of the automatic nervous system
Brainstem
61
The largest part of the brain and is the physical organ that helps you in the areas of consciousness, memory, voluntary action, thinking and intelligence
Cerebrum
62
It consists of two halves called the right and left
Hemispheres
63
These halves are split by the________ A deep groove
Longitude fissure
64
The right hemisphere is connected to
The left side of the body and the left hemisphere is connected with the right side of the body,
65
In general
The left brain seems to specialize in details, known procedures, and formal logic whereas the right brain specializes in the big picture. Creativity and intuitive approaches to problems.
66
The two hemispheres communicate with each other through a mass of nerve fibers called the______ located at the base of the cerebrum
Corpus callosum
67
________ is made largely of nerve cell bodies which lack the fatty covering called myelin
Gray matter
68
____ gets its cover from the myelin covering of the nerve fibers
White matter
69
Much of the brains, gray matter is located___________ The outer layer of the cerebrum
Cerebral cortex
70
The cortex is deeply grooved or _______ allowing a maximum amount of gray matter to fit in a limited space. It is estimated that your cerebral cortex has a total surface of 5.2 feet.
Convoluted
71
The convolutions of each of the cerebral hemispheres are divided by grooves into various regions or ________ that correspond to the major bones of the cranium
Lobes
72
The forward portion of the______ is associated with personality judgment, and self-control
Frontal lobes
73
The rear portion of the frontal lobes is called the______ because it controls the voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles
Motor area
74
The left and right_______ are located behind the frontal lobe
Parietal lobes
75
The sense of vision is interpreted by the________ which are located on the back of the brain
Occipital lobes
76
The right and left_______ which are located on either side of the brain or associated with the senses of hearing taste and smell
Temporal lobes
77
Damage to the cerebral motor area before or shortly after birth is known as
Cerebral palsy
78
The second largest brain region
Cerebellum
79
Most complex muscle coordination is handled by
Handled by the cerebellum
80
Located between the cerebrum and the spinal cord
The brain stem
81
Lowest part of the brainstem is the
Medulla oblongata
82
Just above the medulla oblongata is the___ Latin for bridge which links the cerebrum with the cerebellum
Pons
83
Above the pond lies the
Midbrain
84
Within the brainstem lies, an intricate network of neurons called the
Reticular formation
85
If the reticular formation is damaged, a person may slip into a state of prolonged unconsciousness
Coma
86
A number of complex brain structure like clustered around the brainstorm at the core of the brain, surrounded by the cerebrum neurobiologist, sometimes referred to the structures collectively as the
Limbic system
87
At the uppermost, end of the brain stem is the______ which acts like a switchboard routing activation signals from the reticular formation and sensory impulses from various parts of the body to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex
Thalamus
88
Just below the thalamus is the____ which is the control unit for your bodies automatic system
Hypothalamus
89
The hypothalamus is also responsible for the
Physical effect of emotions, such as rage and fear
90
The _____ possesses factual memories for storage while the______ helps generate emotion and processes emotional memories
Hippocampus
Amygdala
91
According to the philosophy known as_____ a person’s actions can be completely explained as responses to particular stimuli
Behaviorism
92
Although the brain can be thought of as the seat of the mind
The mind and the physical brain are not the same
93
Some habits harm
The nervous system within such as smoking and drinking of alcohol, beverages
94
External factors can also
Affect the nervous system
95
For example, repeated or prolonged exposure to excessively loud, sounds results in a form of partial or complete hearing loss known as
Sensorineural deafness
96
Repeated exposure to sounds that exceeded 90-100 ___ a scientific measure of loudness
Decibels
97
Rest or sleep is a
Another factor critical to neurological health
98
The brains neurons synchronize their communication by firing the rhythmic pulse which can be recorded as waves of electrical activity_____ special instruments
Brain waves
99
Because the sleepers closed, eyes show rapid eye movements as though we were watching the events of a dream. These periods are called.____ rapid eye movement
REM sleep
100
One of the most commonly abused drugs in the world today is
Alcohol ethanol
101
Alcohol acts as a_____ of the central nervous system, slowing the function of the neurons that it affects
Depressant
102
The liver, the only organ able to breakdown alcohol in the body, remove the alcohol from the bloodstream by slowly converting it into other poison_____ this poison is responsible for the headaches and nausea. Hangover that follow alcohol consumption.
Acetaldehyde
103
Studies have shown that heavy consumption of alcohol causes accelerated death of brain cells and gradual permanent decline in brain function, nervous disorder, such as visual disturbances, tumors, and_____ degeneration, and inflammation of nerves, may also result
Neuritis
104
From that point on new cells will never be added to his brain, spinal cord or nerves
Dead nerve cells cannot regenerate and existing nerve cells cannot reproduce
105
If the spinal nerves protruding from the spinal cord in the neck are Injured________ has occurred, resulting in pain, muscle spasm, and limited motion
Whiplash
106
A condition characterized by pain in the lower back, and the back of the thigh is caused by a pinching of the sciatic nerve of the lower spinal cord
Sciatic
107
The most common serious injury of the nervous system is____ a leading cause of death throughout the world
Stroke
108
A minor brain injury, or____ can cause headache, disorientation, brief unconsciousness, and____ loss of memory
Concussion and amnesia
109
Neurobiologist have disc disc disc, discovered that the
Brain constantly optimizes its system to most efficiently meet the demands placed upon it
110
Another serious disease that affects the nervous system is_____ commonly known as____ because severe spasms of the jaw muscles make it hard to open the mouth
Tetanus lockjaw
111
One of the most common mental disorders in the elderly____ is a
Disturbance of the brain caused by physical illness elsewhere in the body
Acute concussion
112
The disorder that results from the slow process of the neutral nerve cell loss____ may become noticeable between the ages of 70 and 80
Senile dementia
113
_____ is also caused by the death of brain cells. However, the cells die because blockage in the arteries restricts their blood supply
Arteriosclerosis dementia
114
Has symptoms similar to dementia, but more severe may occur much earlier in life
Alzheimer’s disease
115
One common neurological disorder that affects people of all ages as the condition known as
Epilepsy
116
The ____is the part of the ear that is open to the outside of the body
Outer ear
117
The visible ear structure on the side of the head is the
Auricle
118
The ___ is a 2.5m tube lined with thousands of ___ and ___
Ear canal
Hairs
Wax glands
119
The ____ is a taut membrane stretched across the inner end of the ear canal like the surface of a drum
Eardrum
120
The vibrations of the eardrum are replayed to the inner ear by three tiny bones called the ___,____and___ (often called the ____,____and____)
Malleus, incus, and stapes
Hammer, anvil, stirrup
121
The chamber containing the malleus,incus, and stapes is the
Middle ear
122
As the vibrations passed through the stapes, they enter the____ the actual organ of hearing
Inner ear
123
Is the main component of this fluid filled chamber is the______ a coiled tube resembling a snails shell
Cochlea
124
The waving of these cells, send electrical messages into the____ which carries them to the brain where they are translated into meaningful sounds words, music and so forth
Auditory nerve
125
Also, in the inner ear is an assembly of three fluid filled tubes called___ which serve as a balance sensor
Semi circular canals
126
The inner ear receives vibrations from the jawbone this type of hearing is known as
Bone conduction
127
_____ or another threat to your sense of hearing these injuries are usually treatable. In fact of the eardrum often heals itself many people suffer from a condition known as____ or ringing in the ears
Eardrum puncture
Tinnitus
128
____ are a common problem among infants and young children such infections occur when microbes from the throat travel up the_____ to the middle ear
Ear infections
Eustachian tube
129
The____ is a fascinating organ
Eye
130
The_____ or____ Provides a surrounding protection of heavy bone the______ closes reflexively blinks to keep foreign objects from entering the eye
Socket
Orbit
Eyelid
131
___ are produced by____ tear glands which are located under the upper eyelid on the side away from the nose
Tears
Lachrymose glands
132
Another very important component of tears is the enzyme_____ It’s destroys bacteria.
Lysozyme
133
Attached to the eye is a set of six muscles the____ which move the eye
extrinsic
134
_____ each of which is made up of several parts
The outer part of the eye is composed of three layers of tissue
135
The_____ is the tough outer layer of tissue that provides protection and the supporting frame for the interior of the eye
Sclera
136
At the front of the eye, the opaque sclera is replaced by a transparent portion called the____ the area around which light enters the eye
Cornea
137
It then extends toward the rear ambulance with the covering surrounding the
Optic nerve
138
The largest portion of the____ the middle layer of the tissue is the____ a layer of connective tissue rich in blood cells rich provide provides most of the nourishment. Toward the front, the choroid becomes the____
Uvea
Choroid
Ciliary body
139
The part of the uvea at the front of the eye is the___ Which is a continuation of the ciliary body
Iris
140
In the center of the iris is the____ the opening through which light enters
Pupil
141
The____ the innermost layer of the eye is the most delicate part of the eye and the most important for vision
Retina
142
This information is obtained and relayed to the spinal cord or brain by living sensors known as
Sensory receptors
143
The first group includes neurons designed to detect pressure or temperature changes. These neurons are responsible for the.______ which include all the senses of your skin, primarily touch and temperature
Somatic senses
144
The ____ site hearing smell, taste, and balance are provided by a second group of neurons located in intricately designed
Sense organs
145
Each of the skins____ is a bare dendrite that reacts to a certain type of strong stimulus
Pain receptors
146
The sensory receptors responsible for sensation of touch and pressure are called_____ these receptors lie at different depths in the layers of your skin
Mechanoreceptors
147
_____ as their name implies respond to temperature changes
Thermoreceptors
148
____ in your skin react to temperatures above normal body temperature____ are sensitive to temperatures below normal body temperature
Heat receptors
Cold receptors
149
The sense of taste and smell, which are_____ result from the stimulation of______ on the tongue and in the nose
Chemical senses
Chemo receptors
150
The organs responsible for taste are the_____ which are chemo receptors on the back sides in front of the____ that detect dissolved chemicals in the mouth
Taste buds
Tongue
151
Each Tastebud consists of several____ Surrounded by epithelial cells adults have some 10,000 taste buds most of which are located in tiny projections called____ on the tongue surface
Taste cells
Papillae
152
____ therefore many food taste plant and flavorless when you have a cold
Most of the flavors we taste are strongly affected by the odors we smell
153
The____ sensory receptors are located in the upper part of the_____ and are connected to the brain by the
Noses
Nasal cavity
Olfactory nerve
154
As a result, there are sought to be seven____ that we can smell
Primary odors
155
In the light sensitive layer of the retina are two kinds of cells known as ___ and ___ because of their shapes
Rods
Cones
156
The layer of nerve cells is also slightly thinner in this region forming a small depression on the retina called the
Fovea
157
The processed signals are then replayed to the visual centers of the brain via the____ Which is not just one nerve, but rather a large bundle of individual nerves, each of which carries nerve impulses from a specific region of the retina to the brain
Optic nerve
158
At the point on the retina where the optic nerve leaves, the eyeball is a
Blindspot
159
As the optic nerves leave the retina, they curve inward toward the center of the head where they meet at a point called the____ Located just beneath the front of the hypothalamus
Optic chiasm
160
As they leave the chiasm the nerve fibers are grouped into bundles called ___ as they pass around the thalamus
Optic tracts
161
The substance in rod cells that absorb light is called___ which consists of a molecule derived from___ a suspended in a protein framework
Rhodopsin
Vitamin A
162
But because___ they enable us to see only in shades of gray
Rod cells react, indiscriminately to light of all colors
163
The cones are responsible for
Our ability to see color
164
The fact that we have three types of cones in our eyes is the reason that we see in three
Primary colors
165
The phenomenon known as ____ explains why a flashlight appears to leave a trail of light when moved rapidly in the dark
Persistence of vision
166
Between the cornea and the iris and lens is a space filled with a clear liquid called the___ Which is produced from blood circulating in the ciliary body
Aqueous humor
167
The part of the eye that focuses the ray of light passing through it is called the
Lens
168
Between the lens and the rear of the eyes a space field with___ a transparent jelly like substance that is about 98% water
Vitreous humor
169
Such a condition results in_____ the ability to see only near objects clearly
Nearsightedness or myopia
170
Nearsightedness can be corrected by wearing___ lenses in front of the eyes. These lenses are curb inward toward the center of the lens.
Concave
171
When the eye is too short or the lens is too flat objects are brought to focus at a point that would lie behind the retina this result in
Farsightedness or hyperopia
172
Some people have focusing problems called
Astigmatism
173
Such a condition of farsightedness brought on by age is___ it can also be corrected by wearing____ lenses, the upper portion for distant vision and the lower portion for near vision
Presbyopia
Bifocal
174
A common cause of blindness is____ a condition in which the pressure of fluid inside the eye becomes much higher than normal, causing permanent damage to the cells of the optic nerve
Glaucoma
